Sir Alexander Fleming

Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881-11 March 1955) was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. Fleming published many articles about bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy. His best-known research included the discovery of enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the discovery of antibiotic substance penicillin from Fungus Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he was jointly awarded Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with the Howard Walter Flour and Ernst Boris Chain in 1945.

In 1999, Time magazine ranked Fleming as one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century for his penicillin discovery, and said, "This was a discovery that would change the flow of history. Fleming, who named Penicillin, proved to have an extraordinary ability to fight active substance infections. Penicillin had changed the method of resistance to bacterial-based infections when it finally got information about its potential and emerged as the most efficient life-saving drug in the world. The discovery of Fleming in the middle of the century led to the creation of a huge pharmaceutical industry and started to become a synthetic penicillin which helped fight the most challenging disease against humans, including syphilis, gangrene, and tuberculosis.

Biography Early life St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London
Fleming was born on August 6, 1881, in a farm called Lockfield near Darwell in East Ayrshire, Scotland. He was the third child of the four children of Hugh Fleming (1816-1888) from another marriage with Grace Stirling Morton (1848-1928). Grace Morton was the daughter of a farmer nearby. Hugh Fleming had four children from the first marriage. His second marriage was 59 years, and he died when Alexander (known as Alec) was seven years old.

Fleming studied in Lawrence Moore School and Darwell School, and both schools were relatively good at relatively well, though they had received two year scholarships for the Kilmarnock Academy before going to London. In London, he studied at the Royal Polytechnic Institution. After working in a shipping office for four years, Fleming of Twenty-two years had received little money from his uncle John Fleming. His elder brother Tom was also a physician and he persuaded his younger brother to move forward in that field. So in 1903 young Alexander enrolled in London's St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington. In 1906, he passed school with Distinction and he was thinking of becoming a surgeon.

Although he was a member of the Rifle Club (since he was an active member of the Volunteer Force since 1900), the club's captain suggested to join Fleming in the team to join the research department at St. Mary's where he became the assistant bacteriologist of Sir Almroth Wright. Sir Almroth was a writer of Right Waxen Therapy and Immunology. He And then B.Sc. with the gold medal in 1908. And in 1914 became a lecturer at St. Mary's. On December 23, 1915, Fleming married the well-trained nurses Sarah Marion McIlori in the fort of Ireland.

Fleming served as captain in the Army Medical Corps during World War I and was referred to in his dispatch. He and many of his colleagues worked in the Ranamadan hospitals in western France in France. In 1918, he returned to St. Mary's Hospital, which was a teaching hospital. In 1928, he was elected Professor of Bacteriology.

Pre-researched penicillin

After the war, Fleming actively researched for anti-bacterial agents. He saw many soldiers die of septicemia due to an infected wound. Antiseptics could kill invasive bacteria, more than the damage to the immune system of the patient. In a report published in the medical journal The Lancet during World War I, Fleming told about his experiment which he could do on the basis of his glass blowing ability. In which he said that more soldiers were killed than the insects that were destroyed by antiseptics during World War I. Antiseptics did a good job on the surface, but when there was a deep wound, anterior antioxidant agent was found to have anaerobic bacteria asylum. Antiseptic was also destroyed by beneficial agents who could remove bacteria. Antiseptics did nothing to remove the bacteria that did not reach its effect. Sir Elmroth Wright strongly advocated Fleming's discovery. But even though many Army Physicians used antiseptics for the wounded soldiers during World War I, they did so even in cases where the condition of patients was deteriorated.

Accidental Search Miraculous Cure

"I woke up early in the morning of 28 September, 1928. I did not plan for a major revolution in finding the world's first antibiotic or bacteriicide drug, "Fleming said then," but I think I did that. "

By 1928, Fleming was investigating Staphylococcini's properties. He was known for his previous work and got a reputation as a crafty researcher. But their laboratory was often disorganized. Fleming returned to his laboratory on September 3, 1928, after spending his holidays with his family in August. Before going on holiday, he placed all the cultures of staphylococcin on a bench in a corner of the laboratory. On returning, he saw that the fungus was on a culture and the staphylococcini was destroyed around it. When the distant colony was normal. Fleming showed the affected culture its former assistant, Merlin Price, who said that similarly you discovered lasomaniac. Fleming called the mold affecting its culture plate as a penicillium genus. And after several months 'Mold Judas' it was released as penicillin on March 7, 1929.

He investigated his positive anti-bacterial effect on many organisms and noted that it affected bacteria such as staphylococcus, and many other gram-positive pathogens that caused scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria, but with typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever It was not from gm-negative bacteria, for which they discovered cure at that time Were hya. He also affected the Neisseria gonorrhea, which produces gonorrhea, although this bacterium is gram-negative.

Fleming published his discovery in 1929 in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology, but little attention was paid to this article. Fleming continued his investigation, but found that working to develop penicillium is a lot harder and it was more difficult to separate the antibiotic agent after the mold was developed. Fleming believed that penicillin would not be very important in treating the infection as it is a problem of producing quantity and its operation seems to be slow. Fleming was also convinced that penicillin would not last long enough to kill bacteria in the human body (in vivo). Many clinical tests were incomplete, especially since they were used as Surface Antiseptic. More confidence was shown in Fleming's trial in the 1930s, and he continued to work until 1940. Work has been made to encourage chemists capable of refining more penicillin to be used.

Fleming finally left penicillin after researching Flora and Cheme with funding from American and British government. He started heavy production after the bombing at Pearl Harbor. When D-Day came, he had made adequate penicillin for the treatment of all the injured soldiers of the allies.

Purification and balancing of benzipencillin's 3D model

The Ernst Chain worked on how to separate and separate penicillin. He also adopted the right theory on the penicillin structure. After the team released its first result in 1940, Fleming called Harvard Flore, who was the head of the department of the chain and told him that he would be visiting in the next few days. When Cheyen heard that he was coming, he commented, "Oh God, I thought he was dead."

Norman Heatley suggested to change the active ingredient of penicillin in acidity and transfer it back to the water. Due to this, it became a medicine for adequate testing of animals. Many more people were involved in the Oxford team and at one point were involved in the development of the whole of the Doom School. The team developed the penicillin purification system for the first time effective first stabilized form in 1940, after which several clinical trials were made and its massive success prompted the team to develop a method for wholesale production and bulk distribution in 1945.

Fleming was very fond of his role in the development of penicillin, and praised his reputation as a "flaming mind" and praised the floor and chains for converting laboratory curiosity into practical medicine. The work of finding the property of an active object was the first to do Flamingos and gave them the privilege of giving penicillin names. He kept, molded and distributed the original mold for 12 years, and continued the revision in 1940 so that he could get help from a chemist who has the ability to make penicillin. Sir Henry Harris said in 1998, "There are no chains without flaming, there are no florists without chains, no flats are without flore. There is no penicillin without heatley. "

Antibiotics are used in modern antibiotics as well as using similar method of flaming discovery.

Incidentally discovered Fleming and in September 1928, modern antibiotics began with the Isolation of Penicillin. Fleming learned very quickly that bacteria were getting resistance to antibiotics when penicillin was used for a very short period or very short period. Alumroth Wright predicted antibiotic resistance before being proved in the experiment. Fleming asked to be cautious about the use of penicillin during his many discourses around the world. He warned that penicillin should be used only after proper diagnosis. And if it is used, do not use it for very little or little time as antibiotics are resistant to antibiotics in such condition.

Personal life

[[After Fleming's father rescued child Winston Churchill from death, Churchill's father spent his education on Fleming's education. The popular story that Fleming's father took to save child Winston Churchill from saving his life after Churchill's father spent Fleming's education) was wrong. According to Kevin Brown's biography, Penicillin Man: Alexander Fleming and the Antibiotic Revolution, Alexander Fleming, in a letter to his friend and colleague Andrey Gratia, said that this is a "surprise story". He did not save Winston Churchill even during World War II. When Churchill fell ill in Carthage in Tunisia in 1943, Churchill saved Lord Morgan, in which sulfonamides were used because he had no penicillin experience. The Daily Telegraph and the Morning Post wrote on December 21, 1943 that they were rescued from penicillin. He was rescued by the new sulfonamide drug Sulfapireridine, which was then called Research code M & B 693 and was researched and produced by May & Baker Lee, Dagenham, Essex, a subsidiary of the French group Ron-Pollank. In the subsequent radio broadcasts, Churchill referred to new medication as "admirable M & B." There is a possibility that true information about sulphonamide may not reach the newspapers as the drug was discovered by the German Laboratory Bayer and at that time Britain fought with Germany. Was doing. So British search was considered appropriate to increase the morale of British people by linking Churchill's treatment with penicillin.

Fleming's first wife, Sarah, died in 1949. His only son, Robert Fleming, became a General Medical Practitioner. Fleming drops after Sarah's death Amelia was married on April 9, 1953, with Kotosuri-Warrackas, a Greek colleague at St. Mary's. He died in 1986.

Death

In 1955, Fleming died of a heart attack in his London-based home. He was cremated and his ashes were kept in St. Paul's Cathedrals a week later.

Honors, awards and achievements are a stellar island stamp in which Fleming has been honored.

From the discovery of penicillin he was transformed into the world of modern medicine and came to an era of useful antibiotics. Penicillin saved the lives of millions of people around the world and is still saving.

His laboratory at St. Mary's Hospital, London, where Fleming discovered penicillin, has become a Fleming Museum. There is also a school named Alexander Fleming Middle School in the Lomita area. The University of Westminster named it one of its student buildings in the honor of Fleming, which is located on the Old Street. Imperial College also has the building named The Sir Alexander Fleming Building in their name. It is located in the South Kensington campus, where the latter part of the preclinical undergraduate medical education is given.