Allergy

Allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system. Allergic reactions usually occur on environmental substances known as allergens (allergic substances, stimulants). These reactions are editable, predictable, and fast. Allergy is one of the four forms of hypersensitivity and it is called type I (or instant hygroscopic). It is caused by excessive activation of certain white blood cells known as mast cells and basophils (salts) by a type of antibody called IgE and results in highly inflammatory response. Common allergic reactions include reactions to eczema, hives (a type of skin disorder), hay fever, asthma attack, food allergies, and toxic worms like beesworms.

Mild allergens such as hay fever are found in human populations, and allergic conjunctivitis symptoms, such as burns, itching and nasal bleeding. Allergies play a big role in situations like asthma. In some individuals environmental or food allergens or serious allergens to drugs can lead to anaphylactic reactions that may pose a risk to life.

There are many types of tests currently available to diagnose allergic conditions, including skin testing to know response to known allergens, and allergens, especially blood tests to know the presence and level of IgE. Treatment of allergens include allergen avoidance, anti-histamine, steroids or other oral medication and immune system therapy and targeted treatment methods to make the response to allergens susceptible to the allergens.

Many allergens like dust or hay are flying particles in the air. In these cases, allergic traits are found in areas such as eye, nose, and lungs that are exposed to air. For example, allergic rhinitis cavity, also known as hay fever, produces symptoms such as itching, sneezing, itching, and reding of the eyes. Inhaled allergens produce asthma symptoms such as compression of the airway (contraction in the bronchi) and increased production of mucus in the lungs, shortness of breath (inhalation), coughing and breathing while breathing.

In addition to these allergens, allergic reactions are generated from reactions from food, pest stings and drugs such as aspirin and antibiotics like penicillin. The symptoms of food allergy include stomach ache, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, skin irritation and skin rashes during hives. Food allergies rarely produce respirable (medial) reactions, or nostrils. Pest bites, antibiotics, and certain medicines produce a systemic allergic response, also called anaphylaxis; A very personal system can be affected, including the digestive system, respiratory system, and the transport system. According to the rate of severity, it can cause acne complication, contraction in the bronchi, ovaries, hypotension, coma, and death. These types of reactions can be triggered suddenly or can be delayed. In the severity of this type of allergic response, epinephrine injections are often required by means of epinepans or twinject auto injectors. The nature of anaphylaxis is that the reaction seems to be declining, but it can occur again for a longer period.

Latex-like substances coming in contact with skin are also common causes of allergic reactions known as contact dermatitis or eczema. Dermal allergies often cause rashes or skin inflammation and inflammation, which is called wheal and flare reaction to hives and angioedema symptoms.

The reason
Risk factors for allergy can be placed in two general categories host and environmental factors. Host factors include heredity, gender, race, and age. Heredity is an important factor. However, currently allergic incidents are increasing, which can not be explained by factors of genetics alone. Four environmental factors include changes in exposure to infectious diseases in early childhood, environmental pollution, allergen levels, and dietary changes.

Food
One of the most common food allergies is peanut sensitivity. Peanut allergies can be very serious but sometimes it can be eradicated after the age of going to a child's school. Tree nuts including pecans, pistachios, pine nuts and walnuts are another common allergen. The sufferers may be sensitive to one or more tree nuts. Besa oil contains sesame seeds and poppy seeds, in which proteins are present. These Bia may also lead to an allergic reaction.

One in fifty babies can be allergic to the egg and when it reaches the age of five, most of the time it gets eliminated. Typically sensitivity is on proteins in the flame, not the yolk.

Cows, goats, or lentil milk are also other common allergy stimulants and many sufferers are unable to tolerate the formation of milk like cheese. Lactose intolerance, general reaction to milk, is not a form of allergen. Very few children with milk allergies, rarely 10 percent, respond to cow's flesh. Cows contain a small amount of protein present in cow's milk.


Other foods containing allergic protein include soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, fruits, peppers, synthetic and natural colors, chicken and rasic supplements.

Non-edible protein
Latex can produce IgE-induced cutaneous, respiratory, and systemic reactions. In the general population, the level of allergy to latex is believed to be in less than one percent of the population. In a hospital study, one patient (0.125 percent) of 800 surgical patients has latex sensitivity. However, sensitivity to health care workers is higher between seven and ten percent. For high levels of sensitivity to health care workers, their area of ​​operation, such as intensive care units and dental suites, is responsible for large-scale contact with airborne areas. These latex-rich environments can cause sensitization to health care workers who inhale regularly in allergenic proteins.

The most common response to latex is the allergic contact dermatitis, a delayed hypersensitive reaction appearing as a drought and crusted lesion. The reaction usually lasts 48 to 96 hours. Rearing and scarring in the area below the hand wave produces lesions which may potentially cause acne. Anaphylactic reactions occur frequently in susceptible patients who are exposed to the surgeon's latex hands during abdominal surgery. Other mucosal contact such as dental procedures can also produce systemic reactions.

Latex and banana sensitivity can contradict itself. Latex allergy patients can also be sensitive to avocado, kiwi and chestnut. Medically, these patients often have perioral irritation and local hives. Food-induced allergy-induced systemic response is occasional. Researchers suspect that the contrasting reaction to latex bananas, avocado, kiwis, and chestnut means that latex proteins are structurally homogeneous with proteins.

Toxin acting with proteins
Other bean food products have been produced after contact with urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, poison ivy, eastern poison oak, western poison oak or poisonous suamac. Urushiol, which is not a protein itself, acts as a hepaton and connects and reshapes its chemical reaction with protein cells on an integral membrane in contact. The immune system does not recognize the affected cells as a normal part of the body and produces T-cell-induced immune response. Sumac is the poisonous plant from the toxic plant. The resulting dermatological response to reaction between urushiol and membrane proteins includes rashes, swelling, shoaling, foliation, blisters, and straking.

According to estimates of the population, estimates change, the immune system will respond. About 25 percent of the population will have strong allergic response to urushiol. Generally, 80% to 90% of adult individuals will get rashes when exposed to .50,000 milligrams (7.7 × 10 gr) of purified urushiol but some people are so sensitive that only molecular numerator is effective for starting an allergic reaction.

Genes base
Allergic Diseases Are Strongly Family: Similar twins have approximately 70% chance of having an allergic disease. The probability of having similar allergies in non-identical twins is 40%. Allergic parents are more likely to have an allergic child, and their allergies can be more serious than parents of allergies. However, some allergies do not have consistency with genealogies; Babies with peanut allergies may have a reggae allergy. It seems that the possibility of developing allergies is hereditary and it is related to irregularities in the immune system but not a specific allergen.

The risk of allergic sensitization and the development of allergies varies with age, at the most risk to young children. Some studies suggest that the level of IgE is paramount in childhood and it rapidly decreases between 10 and 30 years of age. The maximum prevalence of hay fever is maximum among children and young adults and the incidence of asthma is highest in children under 10 years of age. Thus, boys are more at risk of developing allergies than girls, although some diseases like asthma are more likely to affect women. Adult gender gap decreases in adulthood. Ethnology plays a role in some allergies, however, it is difficult to distinguish ethnic factors from change due to environmental influences and migration. It has been suggested that different genes of loci are responsible for asthma, especially in European, Hispanic, Asian, and African-American people.

Hygiene Hygiene

Allergic Diseases TR-2 (TH2) induced immune response is triggered by inappropriate immune response on a non-immune anti-active antigen. Many bacteria and viruses stimulate TH1-induced immune response, which reduces TH2 response regulation. The first proposed action mechanism of hypothesis hypothesis states that inadequate stimulation of the TH1 wing of the immune system leads to an overactive TH2 wing, which leads to allergic diseases. In other words, people living in extreme environment do not get exposed to pathogenic micro-organisms to keep the immune system busy. Since our body is crafted to fight a certain level of such pathogenic micro-organisms, the immune system will attack the antigens when the body does not reach the level of the bacterium and thus harmless substances such as pollen-immune response.

The hygiene hypothesis was developed to explain the observation that pollen and eczema are both allergic diseases, and children in large families are less visible. Such families are exposed to more infectious substances than their own families with only one child. Hypothesis on hygiene has been investigated by immunosuppressive specialists and epidemiologists, a major theoretical outline for the study of allergic disorders. It is used to explain the increase in allergic diseases seen in industrialization and to explain high incidence of allergic diseases in more developed countries. The hygiene hypothesis includes contact with infectious agents, as well as contact with symbiotic bacteria and parasites as an important modulator of immune system development.

Epidemiological data supports hypothesis hygiene. Studies have suggested that, various immune and autoimmune diseases are less visible in developing countries than those of industrialized nations and people who migrate to the industrialized world from developing world develop long-term immune disorders. Longitudinal studies in the third world suggest that as the country evolves as clean and clean, immune system increases. The use of antibiotics in the first year of life is associated with asthma and other allergic diseases. Excessive use of antibacterial cleansing products is also associated with high incidence of asthma because the child born by Caesarean is more likely to have asthma in place of natural delivery.

Other environmental factors

There is international disagreement over the number of people suffering from allergies in the population. Allergic diseases are found in industrialized nations more than conventional or agricultural-based countries. And the rates of allergic disease in the urban population are higher compared to rural populations, although this difference is becoming less defined.

Especially contact with allergies in the primary stage of life is an important risk factor for allergy. In recent times, changes in microdermism exposure to atopic allergies are seen as more understanding. Endotoxin contact reduces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFNγ, interleukin-10, and interleukin-12 in the white blood cell (white) that transmits blood. Certain microb-sensing proteins known as toll-like receptors found on the surface of the cells are also believed to be involved in this process.

Gatworm and similar parasite creatures are present in uninterrupted drinking water in developing countries and were present in developed countries until regular chlorination and purification of drinking water was present. Recent research suggests that some common parasites such as anatomic worm (eg hookworm), secret chemicals in the gut wall (and thus the fluid) block the immune system and prevent the body from attacking parasites. The new hypothesis in the theory of hypothesis is that the co-evolution of humans and parasites has led to the immune system which only works correctly in the presence of parasites. Without them the immune system becomes unbalanced and overly sensitive. Research indicates that allergies are related to the delayed installation of gut flora in infants. However, research supporting this theory is contradictory with the conclusion of the study conducted in China and Ethiopia which suggests that allergens in the infected organisms are more. Medical tests have been started to check the effectiveness of certain worms in the treatment of some allergies. It may happen that the parasite term is inappropriate, and so far those who did not suspect have a symbiotic work. For more information on this topic, see Helmnthic therapy.

Digrenulation process in acute response allergy.1 - antigen; 2 - IgE antibody; 3 - FcεRI customer; 4 - Performed mediators (histamine, protease, chemokines, heparin); 5 - Grains; 6 - mast cells; 7 - Newly created mediators (prostaglandins, cocotrene, thromboxen, pf)

In the initial stages of allergies, type I hypersensitivity response against allergens is first encountered, when TH 2 (TH2) produces response in the type of immune cells called lymphocytes. They are placed in a subset of T cell that produces cytokine, called the Interleukin-4 (IL-4). This TH2 cells are processed with other lymphocytes called B cells. Their role is to produce antibody. After receiving a signal from IL-4, this process encourages B cells to start production of a specific type of antibody called IgE. The IgE secretly flows in the blood and connects to the IgE-oriented consumer (a type of Fc customer called FcεRI) on the surface of other types of immune cells called mast cells and basophil, both of which are severely inflammatory. Respondents are involved. IgE-enclosed cells are sensitized to allergens at this stage.

If later contact with the same allergen, the allergen can join the IgE atoms located on the surface of the mast cell or basophil. The interconnection of the IgE and FC customer occurs when an IGE consumer complex is processed with allergenic atoms and activates the sensitized cells. Activated mast cells and basophils are processed as degeneration, during which they release histamine and other inflammatory chemical mediators (cytokines, interleukin, leukotin and prostaglandins) in tissues surrounding their granules, and some systems such as vesodilation, mucus secretion, nerve simulation and smooth muscle contraction Generate effects. It results in rhinorrhea, itching, dyspnea, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms depending on the person, allergen and presentation can be system-wide (classical anaphylaxis), or localized to specific body systems. Asthma is local to the respiratory system and eczema is local to dermis.

Lazy Art Response

After the reduction of the chemical reaction of acute response, there is often a sluggish art response. This is due to migration to other white spaces such as neutrophils, lysicin, eosinophil and macrophages. This reaction is usually found 2-24 hours after the original reaction. Mastocyte's cytokines can also play a role in continuing long-term effects. Lean art found in asthma is slightly different from response and allergic response. Although it is caused by the release of the mediator from Eosinophil, and TH 2 is dependent on cell activity.

Protein structure and organization

Protein is made from a long chain of amino acids, also called polypeptide chain and connects to the peptide band. Protein's high level structure depends on the range of amino acids that forms its primary range, because the amino acids are susceptible to the proper protein folding of the non-recombinant process. Protein has a certain amino acid range, which has all the same proteins. Twenty different amino acids differ in their side chain, which is relatively large and somewhat polar. These individual amino acids are known as monomers. It is joined by polymerization in a polymer chain called proteins.

The secondary structure of proteins is caused by the hydrogen bonding process between the amide and carboxyl group of amino acids. Secondary structure includes the creation of Alpha Helix and Beta shits. The structure of the third phase is the total protein of protein and it is usually based on the tendency to connect the protein inside the hydrofobic amino acid side chain. However, hydrogen bonding, ionic processing and detergent closures also help to regulate protein in the third position. The fourth-generation structure is the total composition of the polypeptide subunits to form a managerial unit. Based on all the levels of protein, it remains on its previous level. If there is a defect in the primary structure of the protein, then it will also fall in the defect level.

Protein function

Protein folding is important for the total functioning of individual proteins. Polypeptide series is often very long and flexible, which provides a variety of proteins to fold. Non-recombinant processes regulate the initial protein structure. Since a non-covalent closure is very poor, many bondages of weakened provides the necessary strength and structure to certain proteins. Electrostatic procedures, hydrofobic processes, hydrogen closure and vandal-val attraction all help in protein folding. The specific polar and non-polar side chain of amino acids is also associated with the protein folding, so it is also associated with its function. Protein's final falled structure is a protein conformation. Protein's appropriate amino acids range is very essential in order to stimulate proper folding in the fourth-generation structure. There are two identical folding proteins in alpha helix and beta sheets.

The function of proteins is determined directly by its structure, especially through the non-covalent strain mentioned above. Protein connections are processed with other molecules at a precise bonding place. Protein has many functions, including enzymatic stimulants which help important reactions in the cells. Protein can also function as a consumer signal to initiate a cellular response to a chemical signal, or it may act as a motor protein that is associated with the transfer of individual cells or within the cells. Another example of protein work is its structural protein which provides flexibility and stability to the cell.

Protein and immune system

The way protein builds up and folds, its structure is formed. Some protein structures provide them the ability to resist degradation in the acidic environment in the digestive tract. Other proteins, which may act as a cell signal consumer, can be structurally altered by the connection of other cells. In both cases protein is added to the protein, its partial degradation or its existence in the digestive system stimulates the immune system to name these proteins as an external or dangerous cell. This taging produces an allergic response.

Diagnostic Allergy Testing Machine in the Diagnostic Immunology Laboratory at Lekland Air Force Base

Before confirming allergic disease, other possible causes of symptoms should be carefully considered. For example, Vasomotor Nasalitis is one of the many maladyes, which is similar to allergic rhinitis; it requires a professional diagnosis to isolate it. After diagnosing asthma, nasopharynx, Anaphylaxis, or other allergic disease, there are some methods to find allergens in it.

Skin Test Skin Testing Skin Testing

Blood allergy testing is an essential allergy skin test to assess the presence of allergenic IgE antibodies because it is more accurate, easy to use and cheaper. Skin testing is also known as Puncture Testing and Prick Testing due to many small puncture or prick in the patient's skin. Suspicious allergens and / or their extracts (hay, grass, protein, peanut extract) are inserted on the skin of the skin marked with a pen or color. (Ink / Colors should not be selected carefully for marking on skin, then allergic response will be generated). Small or plastic materials are used to crack or prick in the skin. Sometimes the allergens are inserted internally through a pair of necklaces and syringes. Common areas of the test include frontend and lower back areas. If the patient has allergy to any substance, then an inflammatory reaction will occur within 30 minutes. In this highly sensitive patient, this responsive skin will be slightly reddish and will be a full-blown foliage like a mosquito bite (called a wheel and flare). An allergy expert is interpreted based on the severity of the results of the skin prick test. +/- means the response to the border and 4+ means a larger reaction. Allergy Expert Wheel and Flare measures the diameter of the reaction and notes. Interpretation of well-trained allergy experts is often under the guidance of relevant literature. Some patients believe that they have determined their own allergic sensitivity from observations, but a patient's inspection of skin testing has been found to be better to detect allergy.

If the patient brings a risky Anaphylactic reaction to life, some allergists will choose to examine the primary blood test before testing the skin prick. Skin testing is not an option if the patient has extensive skin disorders or has taken antihistamine over the last few days.

Blood tests

Various blood allergy testing methods are available to detect allergens of certain substances. This type of test measures the total IgE level, which is estimated at the IgE in the patient's serum. It can be determined by the use of radiometric and colorimetric immunosas. Radiometric assays include the radio allergensorbant test (RAST) test method, which uses the IgE bonding (anti-IgE) antibodies, which are radioactive isotopes labeled for the physical evaluation of IgE antibodies in the blood. Radiumactic or phosphorometric technology is used in new methods in place of radioactive isotopes. In some patients with suspected allergic sensitivity, some screening test methods are used to give a qualitative test result to answer yes or small. According to a large study, sensitivity of such method is about 70.8% and positive forecast value is 72.6%.

Low IgE level is not usually suitable for refusing sensitization to inhaled allergen. Statistical methods, such as the ROC curve, predicted value calculation, and other possible ratios are used to test the relationship of one another with different testing methods. These methods have shown that patients with high total IgE have a higher likelihood of having allergic sensitivity but are more alert to examine specific allergies for carefully selected allergens.

Other

Challenge testing: Suspicious allergens in the challenge test are inserted into the body through mouth, breathing, or other way. Apart from food and drug allergies, rare challenge test is used. When this type of test is selected, it should be a scrutiny of an allergy specialist.

Retrograde / challenge test: This method is often used for food or drug allergy. A patient with an allergy to a particular suspect is instructed to improve his diet to avoid allergen for a specified time. If the patient feels significant improvement, allergens are re-inserted into the body to determine whether the symptoms are regenerated.

Patch Testing: Patch testing is used to ensure skin contact allergy or contact dermatitis. Adhesive patch processed with many different common allergic chemicals or skin sensors is applied on the back. The skin is then checked at least twice for possible local reactions. Including 48 hours after the patch applied and again two or three days after the investigation.

Unreliable Testing: There are also allergy testing methods that the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology consider to be unacceptable.

These unreliable allergy test methods are as follows.

Applied kinesiology (allergy testing through muscle relaxation), cytotoxicity test, urine autoinjection, skin titration, and provocative and neutralization (subcutaneous) testing or sublingual provocation

Treatment

In recent years medical practice for treating allergic conditions has improved considerably. Anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions to food, medicine and pests, and new allergic skin diseases have been discovered in which the IgE bonding is associated with serious reactions, the identification of food protein, the development of low-allergen food, the improvement in skin prognosis test prediction, anatopic patch test Evaluation, forecasting of wasp stings results and rapidly disintegrating epinephrine tablets and eos Anti-IL-nophilika illness amongst -5 (IL-5).

Traditional treatment and management of allergy includes an easy method to avoid allergen or reduce contact. For example, people with cat allergies were encouraged to stay away from the cat. However, avoiding allergen is less difficult to attain and the same results in pollen or similar air allergies when symptoms decrease and the risk of anaphylaxis is threatened. So far, avoiding allergen is considered a useful treatment method and it is often used in the management of food allergy.

Pharmacotherapy

Some antigenic drugs are used to prevent allergic mediator activity or to prevent cell activation and degeneration. It includes antihistamine, glucocorticoid, epinephrine (adrenaline), theophylline and chromoline sodium. Anti-lecotin, such as montelucas (syngular) or zafirluacast (acetate), are certified FDA for the treatment of allergic diseases. Other combinations considered inactivate anti-collinalis, decongestants, mast cell stabilizers, and eosinophil chemotaxis are widely used. These medicines help to remove allergic symptoms and are important in the recovery of acute anaphylaxis but play a minor role in long-term treatment of allergic disorders.

Immunotherapy

Desensitization or hypocentenation is a treatment, in which the patient is given gradual vaccine of the gradually larger doses of allergens related to it. This can reduce the intensity of hyper-sensitivity or it can be completely eradicated. It relies on gradual reduction in IgE antibody production to prevent excessive IgG production found in autopsy. In this way, the immune system increases in the amount of allergens related to the person. Studies have shown that long-term immunotherapy efficacy and preventative effects can be produced to reduce the development of new allergies. Meta-analyzes have also confirmed the effectiveness of allergic rhinitis and asthma in children. On the basis of numerous set scientific studies in Rochester's Mayo Clinic Review, the safety and efficacy of allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, asthma and asthma have been confirmed. In addition, clinical efficacy and safety of injection immunotherapy has also been confirmed in National and International Guidelines Nasica Pradh and Dama, depending on the recommendations being followed.

The second form of immunotherapy involves injecting injections of monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies. The free and bio-oscillating IgE indicates their destruction. They do not bind FC consumer-based IgE in basophils and mast cells, because they allude to allergic inflammatory responses. The first agent of this class is Omalizumaab. This type of immunotherapy is very effective in some types of emergency allergy treatment, but it should not be used to treat most people with food allergies.

Third type Sublingual immunotherapy is a drug therapy that provides oral immune tolerance benefits against non-pathogenic antigens such as food and resident bacteria. About 40% of allergy treatment is currently done in Europe through this therapy. Sublingual immunotherapy in the United States has increased the support of traditional allergy experts and it is increasingly being recognized by doctors treating allergies.

Allergy shots treatment is the method of 'therapy' for allergic symptoms. This therapy requires long-term commitment.

Unproven and ineffective treatments

Experimental treatment Enzyme potentiated desensitization (EPD) has been tried for decades, but it is not generally accepted that the effectiveness is effective. The use of allergens in the EPD is reduced and enzyme and beta-glucuronidase are used, in which T-regulatory lymphocytes are favored by a reduction in sensitization or down-regulation instead of the sensitization. EPD is used for the treatment of autoimmune disease, but it is used in the U.S. The Food and Drug Administration has not recognized, or is not a proven effective method.

By 2006, the systematic research conducted by the Mayo Clinic covering the thousands of articles studying multiple diseases, including asthma and above respiratory tract, did not affect the effectiveness of homeopathic treatment and it did not have any special effect compared to placebo. Based on all types of homeopathic acne clinic tests for children and adults, the authors conclude that there is no credible evidence that supports the use of homeopathic treatment.

Epidemiology

In the past two to three decades, there has been an increase in the western world in many fatal diseases such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and allergic related diseases like hay fever and asthma. Rapid additional startups in allergic asthma and other atypical diseases in the industrialized states were probably in the 1960s and 1970s, but there was a further increase in the 1980s and 1990s, although some suggest that there has been a steady increase in sensitization since the 1920s. The incidents of atopy in developing countries have generally been very low.

Atopic acupuncture effect primarily affects genetic factors, but atopop increases in a short period of time, so it is difficult to explain the generational change of the population and therefore it is considered to be environmentally responsible or liable. Some hypotheses have been built to explain this increase in atopopies, which include permanent allergens due to habitat changes, increase in time spent outside the house, changes in hygiene and health, which has reduced the activation of the normal immune system, besides dietary changes, Factors such as decrease in physical exercise and decrease can be added to them . The hygiene hypothesis asserts that high living standards and sanitation can save children from infections. It is believed that low-bacterial and viral infections in the early life are eliminated from the relatively mature immune system, the TH1 type response, and as a result, uncontrolled TH 2 response arises, which increases the allergy.

However, changes in the rate and type of infections can not explain the apparent increase in allergy-related diseases, and recent evidence focuses on the importance of gastrointestinal microbial environments. Evidence shows that exposure to food and fecal-oral pathogenic microorganisms such as hepatitis A, toxoplasma gondi and helicopter pylori (which are found more in developing countries) can reduce the overall risk of atopy by more than 60% and increase the proportion of parasitic infections related to lower levels of asthma. Is there. It is anticipated that this infection creates effects by making severe changes in the effects of TH-1 / TH2's infections. Important elements of the hygiene theory include the expansion of endotoxins, pet animal exposure and farming.

History

The concept of 'allergy' originally introduced in Vienna's pediatrician Clemens von Parquet in 1906. He noted that some of his patients were highly susceptible to things that are generally considered as innocuous, such as dust, hay or some food items. Perquette named this condition 'allergy' from the ancient Greek words ἄλλος allos ('allos' meaning 'second' and ρργον ergon meaning 'work'). Historically all forms of hypersensitivity were classified as allergies and all of them are believed to be an inappropriate function of the immune system. Later it became clear that the form of several different diseases was attached to it and the common link was inappropriate activation of the immune system. In 1963, Philip Jail and Robin Coombs created a new taxonomic plan, describing the four types of hypersensitivity reactions, including type 1 to type 4, in which a rapidly growing reaction is characterized. With this new classification, the word 'allergy' was limited to just type 1 hypersensitivity (also known as instant hypersensitivity).

The main success of understanding the allergy system was the discovery of antibody class labeled immunoglobulin E (IgE) - Kimischije Ishizaka and fellow activists first distinguished and described the IgE in the 1960s.

Medical specialty

An allergy specialist is a physician who specializes in the treatment and management of allergies, asthma and other allergic related diseases. In the United States, the American Board of Allergy and Immunology (ABAI) certified physicians complete accredited educational program and evaluation process, which includes safe and supervised examination showing knowledge, skills and experience for patient provision of allergy and immunology. . To become an allergist / immunologist, it is necessary to complete at least nine years of training. After graduating with medical school studies and a medical degree, physician has to undergo three years of training in internal medicine (to become internist) or pediatrics (to become a pediatrician). After completing one of these specialties, the physician must pass the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) or the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) exam compulsory. Intentional or pediatricians who want to concentrate on the sub-specialty of allergy-immunology have to complete an additional two-year study called Fellowship in the Allergy-Immunology Training Program. ABAI Certified Allergist-Immunologists have successfully passed the American Board of Allergy and Immunology (ABAI) certified examination after their fellowship.

Allergy is a sub-specialty of General Medicine or Pediatrics in the United Kingdom. Having passed Postgraduate Examination (MRCP or MRCPCH) respectively, the Doctor General Medical Council specialty registrars work for several years as a registrar before qualifying for the registrar. Allergic related services can also provide immunologists. In 2003 the Royal College of Physicians report suggested improvements in allergy related to allergy in the UK were recommended. In 2006, the House of Lords (British Parliament) created subcommittee, which was reported in 2007. His findings were that allergic-related services were inadequate to solve the problem by calling Lord 'allergic epidemic' and the committee also made some other recommendations.