Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922) was a well-known scientist, inventor, engineer and researcher, who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.
Bell's father, grandfather and brother were involved in the work of elocution and speech, and both of their mothers and wives were deaf, who had a profound effect on Bell's life's work. His invention of hearing and speech action led to the use of hearing aids, which ultimately led to a conclusion, and Bell first appeared in the United States in 1876. Patents were awarded In the past, Bell's most famous invention was considered as an invasion of his true work as a scientist, and refused to use the telephone in his study.
Many other discoveries have given evidence of Bell's life behind, which includes unique work in the field of optical telecommunications, hydrophil and aeronautics. In 1888, Alexander Graham Bell became the founder member of the National Geographic Society.
Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on March 3, 1847. His family's home was at 16th South Charlotte Street, and it was a memorial spot on the entrance, indicating Alexander Graham's birthplace. He had two brothers, Melville James Bell (1845-1870) and Edward Charles Bell (1848-1867). Both brothers died due to tuberculosis of the lungs. His father was Professor Alexander Melville Bell, and his mother was Eliza Grace (family name Symonds). Although he was born as Alexander, at the age of ten, at the age of ten, he requested his father to give him a middle name, like his two brothers. His father believed in his 11th birthday and allowed him to adopt the middle name Graham, who was chosen by Alexander Graham, who was a Canadian and studied in a hostel and was looked after by his father and who became a family, from the name mentioned above The choice was made. He was being an Alec for close relatives and friends, whom he named as his father in his later life.
First search
As a child, the smallest Alexander Graham Bell showed natural curiosity about his world, which also resulted in the combination of botanical samples and experimentation at an early age. His best friend was Ben Hurdman, a neighbor whose family had a chain of grains, used to fight with him many times. Little Elk asked what the need to do in the mill. He said that wheat has to be cleaned by labor process and at the age of 12, Bell created a homemade device, which was a mix of rotating brushes with a set of nail brushes, thus making a machine for cleaning wheat, which was put into use and used for many years Continued use. In front of it, John Hurdman gave a small workshop to run the boys to search for both boys.
From his early years, Bell displayed a sensitive nature and talent for art, poetry and music, which was encouraged by his mother. Without any formal training, he had achieved piano skills and became a pianist of the family. Despite being generally quiet and self-conscious, he used to mimic and make noise by trickling others, due to which he provided frequent entertainment during his occasional visit to family guests. Bell had a deep impact on his mother due to the gradual deafness (he began to lose hearing when he was 12) and had learned the language of finger, so that he could sit in front of them and explain the ongoing conversation in the family quietly. Apart from this, he developed a technique for clear, matching sounds directly to his mother's forehead, where she could listen to him more clearly. . Bell's preoccupation with his mother's deafness led him to study acoustics.
His family has long been associated with teaching elocution: his grandfather Alexander Bell in London, his uncle in Dublin and his father in Edinburgh were all good speakers. His father published numerous books on this subject, some of which are still well-known, especially that of his Standard Elocutionist (1860), which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. Good speakers 168 appeared in the British version and in the United States more than three million were sold. In this treaty, his father explains his method to instruct deaf-mute (as he was at that time) to read the movements of other people's lips to express words and understand the meaning. Alex's father taught him and his brother not only used to write visible words, but to recognize any sign and identify the sound associated with it. Alec became so convincing that he became a part of his father's public demonstrations and amazed the audience with his ability to mean Latin, Gaelic, and Sanskrit sign.
Education
As a small child, Bell loved his brothers and had received elementary education from his father. At an early age, however, he took admission in Royal High School, Edinburgh, Scotland, which he left at the age of 15, and completed only the first four forms. His school record was not so good due to constant absence and low grades. His main interest was in science, especially in biology, when he took subjects from other schools as normal, in which case his father was permanently frustrated. While leaving school, Bell went to London to live with his grandfather, Alexander Bell. During his years spent with his grandfather, he had a love for learning, and he spent long hours in serious discussions and studies. Older Belle made an incredible effort to learn to speak clearly to her younger student and assuredly said that her student needs to become a teacher herself. At the age of 16, Bell achieved a position as a student-teacher at the Weston House Academy at Elgin More, Scotland in eloquence and music. Although he was enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructed himself to the board classes and in return he received £ 10 per session. The following year. He attended the University of Edinburgh; In which he joined with his older brother Melville, who had entered there earlier this year.
The first experiment with sound
Bell's father encouraged Alec's interest in addressing, and in 1863 he took his son to see a unique automation, which was developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone, based on the previous work of Baron Wolfgang von Camplen. . The primary mechanical maneuvered the human voice. . Aleck was fascinated by the machines and after receiving a copy of the book published by Von Campellen in German, and heavily translated it, he and his elder brother Melville raised their own automation head. His father was very interested in his project, and had shown willingness to pay for anything and the boys were tempted to give big prizes if successful. If his brother had prepared the cervix, then Aleck had really overcome the difficult task of reconstructing the skull. His efforts resulted in a significant number of manuscripts, he could have spoken a few words. : The boys could have carefully adjusted the lips and when the air was thrown through the whistle, the most recognizable sound was heard, which was a delight for the neighbors who came to see Bell's discovery.
As a result of automation, Belle kept secretly experimenting on a live subject, in the family, Sky Terrier, Troj. After teaching him to murmur continuously, Alec would have reached his mouth and abused the dog's lips and sound to produce sounds like oh oh ga ma ma. Little did understanders believe that their dog How Are You Grandma? That can speak clearly. The more cognitive of his merry nature was that his experiments were guaranteed to the viewers, he saw the speaking dog <reference name = groundwater page 30. > Groundwater 2005, p. 30. However, due to the move from the beginning of the experiment with this sound, Bell had to take serious action on the transmission of sound using tuning forks to research the resonance. At the age of 19, he wrote a report on this work and sent it to the philosopher Alexander Ellis, who was a father's ally (who may now be called Pygmalion later as Professor Henry Higgins). <Reference Name = Groundwater page 30.> Groundwater 2005, p. 30. Alice immediately wrote that the experiments were similar to the current work in Germany. Frustrated by the fact that Hummern von Helmholchz has already been handled by this special work by those who introduced tone sound like the meaning of the same tuning fork contraption, he rejected the German scientist's book Sensations of Tone. Allegations that abruptly translate the original German version of his work on his venture, were superseded after that, which would probably force his future sound, reports such as: Without knowing much about the subject, I felt that if tone sound was produced by electrical equipment Be it, and consonants in that way, and in a clear speech like that, and later also note: I thought that Helmohotz Ryu was ... and my failure was due only to ignorance of electricity. That was a valuable mistake ... If I was able to read German in that period, I would probably have started my experiments.
Family tragedy
In 1865, when Bell's family went to London, Bell returned to the Weston House as an Assistant Master, in his spare hours, he continued experiments with minimal laboratory equipment. Bell focused on experimenting to pass the sound, and later he installed telegraph wire from his room in a Somerset college to a friend's house. By the end of 1867, mainly due to exhaustion, his health was stagnant. His younger brother, Edward Ted, was also in a similar condition, who suffered from lung tuberculosis. When Bell's health improved (since he was describing himself as AG Bell in correspondence) and the following year he served as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, Somerset, England, when his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward had never been healed afterwards. By the death of his brother, Bell returned home in 1867. His elder brother Melville married and got out. As the ambition to pursue a degree at University College London, Bell had thought of preparing for the degree examination for the following year and spent his spare time studying at his family's home.
Helping her father's philosophical address exposition and lectures, Bell was conferred with South Kensington, London's private private school Susana E. Huls were brought at. His first two students were deaf silent girls, who had made significant progress under their education. Since his elder brother was successful on many fronts, including opening his or her elocution school, applying for a patent for the search and starting a family, Bell continued his work as a teacher. However, in May 1870, Melville died due to complications of tuberculosis in the lungs, causing a family crisis. His father also suffered from a debilitating and regained restitution once again after illness in Newfoundland. Since his remaining son was also sick, Bell's parents planned a long way to go to another place. Working steadily, Alexander Melville told Belle, to arrange for the sale of their family property to Bell and to end his brother's talk (Bell taught his last student to treat the pronounced lips), and joined his father and mother to form a new world. Reluctant, Bell had to end the relationship with Mary Ecclestone, in which he speculated he was not ready to leave England with him.
Canada
In 1870, at the age of 23, Bell, his brother's widow, Carolyn (Margaret Ottaway), and his parents traveled on the SS Nestorian to Canada. After landing Quebec City, Bell sat in the Montreal train and later moved to Paris, Ontario to live with Family Hosp. Thomas Henderson. After a brief cohabitation with Henderson, Bell's family bought 10.5 acres of farming at Tutelo Heights (currently known as Tutelo Heights) near Brantford, Ontario. The property included an orchard, big farm house, stables, piggery, hen house and carriage house and was situated on the banks of the Grand River.
At home and on the ground, Belle had set up a workshop in the converted house in the carriage house, near which she was called the dream palace, which was a large hollow nest in a tree in the back of the property on the river. Despite having a poor state reaching Canada, Bell liked his climate and environment according to his hobby, and his medical examination began to improve rapidly. He continued his interest in the study of the human voice and when he discovered the Six Nations reserves in the river at Onondaga , He had learned the language of Mohawk and language of his unexplained dictionary in the Visible Speech signals Was level. For his work, Bell was honored with the title of Honorary Chief and participated in a ceremony in which he provided Mohawk and performed traditional dance.
After establishing his workshop, Bell continued to experiment with Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound. He designed a piano, which could carry its music at a distance for the purpose of electricity. Once the family settled down, both Bell and his father decided to establish a method of learning, and in 1871, he supported his father in Montreal, where Melville was offered the teaching method of the Visible Speech.
Working with the deaf
As a result, his father was invited to present the Visible Speech System by providing the training to the Boston instructor Sarah Fuller, fuller instructor at Boston, Massachusetts, United States, by the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (which runs today as Horace Mann School for the Deaf). , But he refused to favor the son for that position. Bell, who traveled to Boston in April 1871, succeeded himself in training the school's instructor. He was then asked to repeat the program at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Clarke School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut and Northampton, Massachusetts.
After spending six months abroad, returning to home in Brantford continued his experiment with his harmonic telegraph. The basic idea behind their equipment was that if every message was transported on a separate pitch, the message T was sent by the same wire, but it was necessary to work on both the transmitter and the receiver. Unsure about his future, he intended to return to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped to establish a private practice by contacting Gardiner Green Hubbard, the head of the Clark School for the deaf to recommend. In October 1872, Alexander Bailey opened his School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech in Boston, teaching the method of his father, which attracted a large number of deaf students, in which the number of students in the first class was 30. While working as a private teacher, Helen Keller was one of her most famous students, who came to her as a small child, who was impatient to see, hear or speak. She later said that Belle devoted herself to achieve unequal peace which separates and loses friendship.
Various influential people of that time, including Bell, saw deafness in a way that could have been removed, and also believed that with the resources and efforts he could have been able to teach the deaf to listen and could eliminate the use of sign language, so that he often They can be helped to integrate them into a vast society that is excluded. Although in many schools, children are not well cared for, for example, they were tied behind their hands so that they could not communicate only by a signal that they knew only one language - and therefore they were forced to try oral communication.
Continuous experiment
The following year, Bell became a professor of vocal physiology and illusionation at the School of Vocalition at Boston University. During his time, he circulated simultaneously between Boston and Brantford, and spent summer in Canada's house. At Boston University, Bell became engrossed in enthusiasm for many scientists and inventors living in the city. He continued his research in sound and tried to find a way to transmit musical notes and clear speech, but it became difficult for him to spend enough time in the experiment, becoming a masterpiece in his experiments. Because of his education and private classes in the days and evenings of the day, Bell began waking up late at night, and he continued the experiment on the rented boarding house. Working hours like night owls, they were worried that their work would be traced and therefore they took great strife to keep their notebooks and laboratory equipment in short supply. Bell had a specially prepared table, where he put his notebook and instrument lock-in. There was still worse, because of his health headache as he suffered severe headaches. Returning to Boston in 1873, Bell made a destructive decision to focus on the sound.
Bell is addressing a copied model of his telephone.
Deciding to leave his amazing private Boston practice, Bell had only two students, Six-year-old Georgie Sanders, who was deaf from birth and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard Each student was an important role in the progress of the next. George's father, Thomas Sanders, was a wealthy businessman, who offered Bell a place near Salem with George's grandmother, in which a room for experimentation was ready. Despite being offered by Georgi's mother and had a one-year contract in 1872, her son and Aya came to live in the quarter behind Bell's Boarding House, in which it was clear that Mr. Sanders supported the proposal. This arrangement was to keep the work between the teacher and the student free of charge with the room and inside the board. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl, who was 10 years older than her junior, but she became the character of Bell's feelings. She learned to read lips after the bloodstream attack on the age of five, but her father and Bell's patron and personal friend Gardiner Green Hubbard hoped that she would work directly with her teacher.
Telephone
By 1874, Bell had entered into the creative phase of his initial work on his harmonic telegraph with the progress of his new Boston Laboratory (renting facility) and his family home in Canada which was a major success. In Brantford he worked in the summer, experimented with machine phonautographs such as a pen, which shaped sound waves on a fuming glass followed by its vibrations. Belle thought that it would be possible to produce a gradual climbing electrical curve while matching sound waves. Belle also thought that a number of metal rings could be tuned to different frequencies like a bear, which would make it possible to convert the descending currents into sound again. But they did not have a working model to show the possibility of these techniques.
Telegraph message traffic was rapidly increasing in 1874 and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, he emerged as a powerful trading force. In order to prevent the costs incurred for the creation of new lines, Orta signed contracts with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find ways to send more than one telegraph to each telegraph line. Two rich patrons, representing Gardner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, started financially supporting Bell's experiments as he himself is working on more than one tone system on telegraph wires using multi-read devices. Patent matters were handled by Hubbard's patent lawyer, Anthony Pollock.
In March 1875 Bell and Pollock visited Joseph Henry, the famous scientist, who was the director of the Smithsonian Institution at that time, and advised on Henry's advice on electrical multi-read devices, which Belle Savoy hoped that Telegraph would transmit human voice. Henry responded that Bell had a great discovery of the worm. When Belle said that he did not have the necessary information, Henry responded, get it! Even though he did not have enough resources to continue his experiments and did not have the ability to create a working model on his ideas, the announcement provided Bell's encouragement to try, however, an experienced electric designer and mechanical Thomas at Charles William's electrical machine shop. a. Opportunity between Weston and Bell changed the whole situation.
Due to financial backing by Sanders and Hubbard, Bell became able to employ Thomas Weston as his assistant and both of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy. On June 2, 1875, pulled one of the Westin and Reeds, and Bell heard the reed overton on the other end of the wires, which is needed to transmit the sound. This condition showed Bell that there was only one reed or armature (a soft iron band that combines two ends of a magnet), not necessarily many reeds. This resulted in sound-enabled telephone galoops, not a clear voice but, capable of transmitting sound like vague sound.
Competition from the patent office
In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and applied a patent for it. Since he agreed to distribute profits from the United States with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Belle had requested George Brown to patent his British entry in Britain, and after receiving from Britain, he instructed his lawyers to apply for a patent in the US. Britain was issuing a patent only after its discovery, not a patent made earlier On).
Patent of Alexander Graham Bell's telephone [71] </ reference> Drawing, 7 March 1876.
Meanwhile, Elisha Gray was experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of ways to transmit the sound through the use of a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, in a caveat about the design of the telephone designed using the Gray Water Transmitter, the US In the office that failed, in the morning, Bell's lawyer submitted the petition to the patent office. There is considerable discussion about who came before, and Gray later challenged the superiority of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on 14 February 1876.
Bell's Patent 174,465 Bell on 7 March 1876, U. S. Was issued by the patent office. Bell's patent covers the mechanism and devices of speech transmittings or other sounds telegraphically due to the above electrical strain of air movement with the above vocal or other sound.
On the same day, Bell returned to Boston and the work was resumed the next day, and Gray's patented caveat just like a diagram drawn in his notebook.
On 10 March 1876, three days after the issuance of his patent, Bell succeeded in obtaining telephone work by using the same fluid transmitter as Gray's design. Due to the movement of diaphragm, the needle was moving in the water, in which electric resistance in the circuit was different. When Bell introduced the phrase, Mr. Watson-Ah come-in a fluid transmitter, Watson was listening to the receiver and in the side room, and clearly heard the words.
Even though Bell was accused of alleging theft of a telephone from Gray on Bell, after using the patent approval of Belle, Bell used the same as the proof of the idea to achieve Gray's water transmitter design and to achieve conveying satisfaction, according to which a clear sound (Bell's words) can be heard electrically Was transmitted. After March 1876, Bell focused on improving electromagnetic telephones and never used Grey's liquid transmitter for public purposes or for commercial purposes.
Patent investigator, Xenas Fisk Wilber later showed on the affidavit that he had drunk alcohol because he was a big debt to Bell's lawyer Marcelus Bailey, with whom he had landed in the civil war. He claimed that he had shown Gray's patent kayette to Bailey. Wilber (Bell, from Boston to Washington DC, had arrived) claimed that he had shown to Gray's kyate Bell and Bell gave him $ 100. In a letter written to Gray, he admitted that he had learned some technical details. Even though Bailey had claimed that he only discussed patents in general terms. Belle never denied the affidavit about Wilber being paid.
Later developments
Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell took the operational model of his telephone home. He sent a possible telegram to the Telegraph office on August 3, 1876 in Mount Pleasant, five miles (8 km) away from Brantford. As the witnesses were present as witnesses in the office, the voice was heard in response. The following night, the four miles (six km) from Brantford by the well-wrapped wire in the Telegraph Line and the Fence, and Bell received a message from his home in the house, surprised his guests and family. At this time, guests at the house heard clearly the sound of those who were reading and singing in Brantford. These experiments clearly proved that the telephone could also work at a long distance.
Bell and his partners Hubbard and Sanders offered to sell the patent rights for the Western Union for $ 100,000. The president of the Western Union created obstacles by saying that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told his colleagues that he got $ 25 million of patent and he wanted to make a bargain. Since then Bell did not sell the patent company. Bell's investors became millionaires when Bell worked well with fossils and at one point his property was about $ 1 million.
Bell started public exhibitions and lectures with the intention of introducing a new discovery in the scientific community as well as the general public. Only one day later, in Philadelphia, 1876 at the National Exposition of the National Assembly, their prototype of the initial telephone prototype made the telephone a worldwide headline. Influential visitors to the exhibition included the Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, and later Bell had the opportunity to perform a personal exhibition in front of the famous Scottish scientist William Thomas and Queen Victoria, who called the exhibition very special at the request of the audience at Isle of Wight at Isle of Wight. The enthusiasm among the people around Bell was shaped by the groundwork for global acceptance of this revolutionary device.
The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877 and more than 150,000 people in the US made the telephone. Bell's company engineers made numerous other improvements in the telephone, which had emerged as one of the many products so far. In 1879, the Bell Company bought Edison's patents for the carbon microphone from the Western Union. In this regard, the telephone was made possible for a long distance, and the telephone receiver was not required to crack down on hearing.
On January 25, 1915, Bell made the first landmark telephone call. Calling from 15th Street in New York, Bell heard Thomas Watson from 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. The report was published by the New York Times.
Competitors
Sometimes, more than one search can be done, as is common in scientific discoveries, as many evidence providers are working on the telephone. After 18 years, Bell Telephone Company had faced more than 600 claims relating to telephone rights related legal challenges, but none of the original Bell patents succeeded in establishing sovereignty, and the Bell Telephone Company did not lose the case until it reached its final phase. Bell's Laboratory Notes and Family Letters were the key to establishing a long legacy of his experiments. Bell's company lawyers fought against numerous claims arising early in the face of challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. In his personal correspondence to Bell, both Gray and Dolbeer endorsed their previous work, which made them vulnerable to later claims.
On 13 January 1887, the United States government took steps to cancel the patent issued to Bell on the basis of fraud and non-production. After numerous decisions and changes, the Bell Company won the decision in the Supreme Court, although some of the lower court's original claims were left unconditionally. During the nine years of legal fights, the court case was run, the death of a US Attorney, and the patent of patent (No. 174,465 and date 7 March 1876 and No. 186787 dated 30 January 1877) had not been affected for a long time , The responsible judges of that time agreed to continue the proceeding due to the importance of the case as the basis. Changes in the administration and conflict of interest (from both sides), arising from the original case, have changed. The Attorney General rejected the claim on 30 November 1897, leaving the various issues uncertain on the basis of eligibility.
During the charges of 1887, Italian inventor Antonio Meucci also claimed to have invented the first operational telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, the first three of the cases he was involved in, Meucci took the position of a witness in the hope that his discovery would be the priority. Evidence in this case of Meucci was controversial because of lack of proof of their invention as their working models were lost meaningfully in the Laboratory of the American District Telegraph (ADT), which was later formed as a subsidiary of the Western Union in 1901. Like other inventors of that period, Mookie's work was based on the earlier acoustic principles, the final case involving Meucci was dropped due to the death of Meucci, despite the earlier experiments of previous experiments. However, the US House of Representatives Congress Vito Fossella said on June 11, 2002 that the task of searching the telephone of Meucci should be taken into consideration, however, it did not end and the current issue is still there. Bell's work on the telephone. Some modern scholars do not agree with claims that were influenced by Muckney's discovery.
The value of the Bell Patent was supported worldwide and patent applications were mostly done in large countries, but when Bell delayed the application of a German patent, Siemens & Helks (S & H) Electrical Company established Bell Telephone's competitor company under their own patent. Was there. Siemens Company produced closely related copies of Bell Telephone without paying royalties. Numerous contracts in other countries ultimately strengthened the global telephone operations. Bell was required in legal battles as he continued to face pressure in court, and eventually he had to resign from the company.
Family Life Alexander Graham Bell, his wife Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, and their daughters Elsie (left and Marian C. 1885
Shortly after the establishment of the Bell Telephone Company, on July 11, 1877, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857-1923) at Hubbard Estate in Cambridge. He gifted 1,487 of his 1497 shares of his newly formed Bell Telephone Company to his wife. After a short period of time, both newlyweds went to Europe for one year at Honey Moon. During that funeral, Alec took the handmade model of his telephone with him to make the holidays. The maiden action began a year ago, however Alexander had waited until financially more financially than before getting married. Seeing the telephone as an early success, it was not initially a profitable venture, and Bell's main income source was from his speeches until 1897 and thereafter. An extraordinary request was made by his fiancee that he used the Alec name instead of the family's former name Alec. From 1876 he used his signature as Alec Bell. They had four children: Elsie May Bell (1878-1964), who is referred to by Gilbert Grosvenor, Marian Hubbard Bell (1880-1962) of National Geographic Famous, as Diazie, Gilbert Grosvenor, [[Marion Hubbard Bell (1880- 1962) is addressed in the name of Daisy, and two sons died in infancy. Until Bell's father-in-law purchased a home in Washington, D.C. in 1880, Bell's family home was located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, then in 1882 there was a Browhead Mansion in the same city, so that he could stay with them while attending numerous cases involving patent disputes.
During his entire life in Scotland, Bell was subject to British conditions and later lived in Canada until 1882, where he became a neutral citizen of the United States. In 1915, he described his situation in this way: I am not one of the strangers who claim to have the state's allegiance to the two countries. Despite these affidavits, Bell is claimed to be the original son of Canada, Scotland, and the United States. By 1885, a new summer shelter was intended. That summer, Belle had spent her vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending her time in a small village in Baddeck. On returning to 1886, Bailey started building an estate on Badas d'Or Lake from Baddeck. By 1889, the big house, known as The Lodge, was completed and two years later, a large complex of buildings, including new laboratories, was started, named after Belle Bainn Bhreagh (Gaelic: Beautiful Mountain), which was after Alec's heir Scottish Highlands. Belle at Washington D.C. And Bainn Bhriagh, where he spent most of his family years in his house, where he lived during his many years.
By the end of his life, Bell and his family moved between two homes, but for the next 30 years, Been Bhraghadh became more special than the summer house because Bell became so busy with his experiments that his annual residence was longer. Both Mabel and Alec were completely absorbed in Baddeck society and were accepted by the villagers as their own. When the Halifax explosion occurred on December 6, 1917, the bells were still at their house in Beinn Bhreagh. Mabel and Alec took the victim victims of Halifax from one place to another.
Find Backwards
When Alexander Graham Bell was most often associated with the telephone, his interest was different. According to Charlotte Gray, one of his many biographers, Bell's works were uncontrolled in the scientific landscape, and he often became engrossed in reading Encyclopedia Britannica, in which he was looking for new areas of interest. Bell's inventive interest is revealed only in part by 18 patents received by his name, and 12 he shared with his collaborators. Che includes 14 for telephone and telegraph, four for photo phones, one for phonograph, four for aerial vehicles, four for hydroeurplanes and two for selenium cells. Bell's discovery was stretched to the vast ends of interest and included a metal jacket for breathing, an audiometer for hearing impairment difficulty, a device for finding iceberg, how to alleviate salt from seawater, and to find alternate fuels.
Belle has worked extensively in medical research and has invented the deaf learning technique. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his colleagues considered a spectacular magnetic field to record as the purpose of producing the sound repeatedly. Because these three things were used briefly with the concept, they were impractical to create the original work that could work. He left the idea, never realizing that his original theory had a vague concept that he would one day use it for tape recorders, hard disks and floppy disks, drives and other magnetic media. Tape recorders, hard disks and floppy disks, drives and Other magnetic media will be there.
Bell's primary form of air conditioning in his home was used, in which the propeller floats the curtains on large blocks of ice. He also conceived the current concerns of fuel shortage and industrial pollution. Methane gas can be produced from agriculture and factory waste as he has shown. In his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with manure bathrooms and devices to get water from the atmosphere. Shortly before his death, in the interview published in the magazine, he expressed the possibility of using solar panels to keep the house warm.
Metal detector
Bell is also credited with the invention of a metal detector in 1881. This device was quickly put into use, according to which the US. An attempt was made to find a pill from President James Garfield's body. In the trial, the metal detector performed a defective job, but could not find a murderer's pill, some of which contributed little to the obstacle in the metal bed frames, which resulted in the situation. The president's surgeon, who was skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's request to move the president to the bed with no metal spring. Alternatively, Bell experienced a slight sound in his first test, because the pill should probably be taken down or perhaps not detected by a raw device. Belle gave the complete description of his experiment in a paper read in the August 1882 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Hydrofoils Bell HD-4 c at the time of testing. 1919
American hydrofoil pioneering William E. In the March 1906 scientific American article of Mitcham, he explained the fundamental principles of hydrophil and hydroplane. Belle termed the discovery of hydroplane as a very significant accomplishment. Based on the information received from that article, he started thinking of what he is called Hydroofile Boat. Bell and Assistant Frederick W. Casey Baldwin started the Hydrofoil experiments in the summer of 1908 to provide possible support to Airplane taking takeoff from the water. Baldwin studied the work of Italian explorer Enrico Forlani and started testing the models. As a result, he and Bell were encouraged to develop practical hydrofoil watercraft.
During his world tour of 1910-1911, Bell and Baldwin met the Forlanini in France. He rides in the Forlani's Hydrophone boat in Lake Maggiore. Baldwin describes it as easy to fly. Returning to Baddeck, numerous initial ideas emerged as an experimental model, including Dhoni's biogeos, the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil. Experimental boats were primarily the original copy of Proof of Concept which was equipped with the Rinault engine, culminating in a more significant HD-4. The best speed of 54 hours per hour (87 km / h) was achieved, in which the hydrophoeil demonstrated the ability to take fast motion, better stability and steering, and any problem without any difficulty. In 1913, Dr. Bell used to hire Sidney's Yacht designer and builder, as well as Walter Pinaud, a yacht yard in Pinaudo of Westmont, Nova Scotia, to work on the boats of the HD-4. Piñoud soon took charge of Boatyard in Bell's Laboratory near Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate and Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Pinaud's boat building experience helped him to change the design of HD-4. After the First World War, once again the work on HD-4 started. Bell's U.S. Navy report allowed him to acquire two 350 horsepower (260 kW) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, HD-4 set the record by establishing 70.86 miles of the world's maritime speed hour (114.04 km / h), which lasted ten years.
Aeronautics AEA Silver Dart Sea. 1909
In 1891, Bell began experiments to develop heavier than motor-powered aircraft. The founding of the AEA for the first time, Bell shared the dream of his flight with his wife, who had advised that Alexander should take help of small people at the age of 60.
In 1898, Belle experimented with the Tetrahedral box kites and wings that were formed by the numerous mixes of silk covered [Tetrahedral kites]. Tetrahedral wings were named as Signet I, II and III, and they were flown during and without humans, during 1907-1912 (the signet I took to Selfridges collapsed during the flight) some of the Bell creations were exposed at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic site. has come.
Bell supported Aerospace Engineering Research by the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), AEA was officially formed in October 1907 at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, with Mrs. Bell and her financial support. The AEA was headed by Bell and its founding members included four men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, who was a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and he was described as the world's fastest person, had ridden his own bicycle ready in a short span of time, and was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one kilometer fly in the Western Hemisphere. And he emerged as a world-renowned AirPlay manufacturer; Lt. Thomas Selfridge, U.S. The government's official observer and a man in the military believed to be the future of aviation, Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and the first British pilot in public aviation in Hammondsport, New York; And J., A.D. McCready; Both were students of engineering at the University of Toronto.
The work of the AEA was in progress in the work of an Air Machine and applied information from their kites to gliders. Going towards the handsomesport, the group designed and created red wings, which was framed in Bambu and covered in red silk and was equipped with a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, Keiko went on a first public flight in North America, picking up a biplane from the lake. The research included in this design was cockpit enclosure and tail rudder. (Later, the change in the original design was added to control the alarms.) Alarine, one of the many research projects of the AEA, has become a fixed instrument for the aircraft today. (Alarun was independently invented by Robert Axault-Pelteri.) The White Wing and June Bug were followed by this and by the end of 1908, more than 150 flights without any casualty took flight. However, the AEA has reduced its original reserves, and only $ 10,000 of Mrs. Bell received it from her continuing experiment.
His final aircraft design Silver Dart included all advances that were seen in previous machines. On February 23, 1909, Silver Dart got frozen Ice of Brass De Oter J.D. Bell was present due to fly McCari, which became the first aircraft made in Canada. Bell was concerned that the flight was extremely dangerous and had immediately arranged for a doctor. With the successful flight, the AEA was separated and the silver dart was returned to Baldwin and McCurray, who started the Canadian Aerodrome Company and later the Canadian Army's exposition was performed.
Eugenic
Bell was involved in the eugenic movement of the United States, along with other highly advanced thinkers and scientists from that time. In his speech, a personal history of human formation on deaf production was introduced to the National Academy of Sciences on 13 November 1883, noting that deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children than they were born and suggested experimentally. Or both people who have deafs suggested that they should not get married. However, his hobbies for animal breeding resulted in the appointment of biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, which came under the American Breeders Association. The committee extended the theory to the man shadyly. From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the scientific board of the Eugenics Record Office, which was associated with the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York and was regularly present in the meetings. He was the Honorary President of the Second International Congress of Eugenics under the New York-based American Museum of Natural History. Such organizations advocated passing the rules for establishing mandatory sterilization of people who dreamed of Bell as a defective quality in human competition (with success in some states). In the late 1930s, nearly half of the states in the U.S. had eugenics law, and California's law was used as a model for eugenics in Nazi Germany.
Heritage and Honor AE Bell's statue by Cleve Home, similar to that of Lincoln Memorial and was placed in front of the building of Brantford, Ontario, Telephone City (courtesy: Brentford Heritage inventory, City of Brantford, Ontario, Canada).
Bell's most famous invention was omnipresent and his personal glory increased and he was honored and praised. Bell received numerous honorary titles from colleges and universities, in that sense the request was often cumbersome. During his life he also received major awards, medals and other admiration. They include them in the legal memorial of both the creation of the telephone form and the new form of telecommunications, the famous Bell Telephone Memorial was built in honor of the 1915 Giants of Alexander Graham Bell in Ontario.
Bell's large number of writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents were found in the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as Alexander Graham Bell family papers), and Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; A large part of it is available for viewing online.
Numerous historical sites and other signs show memorial bell in North America and Europe, including the United States and Canada's first telephone companies. Other big sites include:
Parks Canada's Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site, which includes the Alexander Graham Bell Museum in Badek, Scotia, near Bainn Bhriagh near Bell Estate .; The Bell Homestead, also known as Melville House, is opposite the Brentford, Ontario, and the Grand River, the Bell family's first home in North America. The first telephone company building in Canada, the Henderson's Home, which was a major part of the 1877 Bell Telephone Company of Canada, was carefully re-established in historic Bell Homestead in 1969. Bell Homestead and Bell Telephone Company Building are maintained by the Bell Homestead Society located in Brantford, Ontario. Alexander Graham Bell Memorial Park, which gives an idea of an extensive ancient monument built in 1917 through public recourse. Memorial graphic displays the ability to spread the world through human communication. Alexander Graham Bell Museum (opened in 1956), is part of the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site, which was completed in 1978 in Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Most museum manuscripts were donated by Bell's daughter.
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with the cash of 50,000 francs (roughly $ US Dollar Template: Inflation-fn) from the academy francis for the invention of the telephone, which represents the French government. Scholars who had decided were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. Volta Prize idea came to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801 and was named in honor of Alessandro Volta, in which Ballet received the third prize in history. As Bell became increasingly prosperous, he used his prize money to create an endowment fund (volta fund) and to the United States Capital of Washington, DC, and in institutions around it. It is also known as the prestigious Volta Laboratory Association (1880), Volta Laboratory and the Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory, and ultimately a center for study on diabetes in the Volta Bureau (1887), still in Georgetown, Washington, DC Is functional. Volta Laboratory emerged as an experimental facility dedicated to scientific discovery and discovered the wax phonograph cylinder in the following spring year, which was later used by Thomas Edison; The laboratory was also a place where they discovered their lofty achievement by their colleagues, the photophone, optical telephone futuristic fiber optic communication, while the Volta Bureau later developed into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for Deaf and Hard of Hearer (AG Bell). , Which was the leading center for the research and education of deafness.
In partnership with Gardiner Hubbard, Bell helped in the establishment of the publication science during the early 1880s. In 1888, Bell was one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society and became its second president (1897-1904), and became the Regent of the Smithsonian Institution. (1898-19 22). The French government honored him with the decoration of Legion of Honor, London's Royal Society of Arts, awarded him Albert Medal in 1902, and the University of Würzburg, Bavaria awarded him Ph.D. degree. He was also awarded the AIE Edison Medal in 1914 for a commendable achievement in the search of the telephone.
Bell (B) and the small decibel (DB) are the measure of acupuncture units, which were invented by Bell Labs and named after their names. Since 1976, the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been conferred with awards for outstanding contribution in the field of telecommunications.
~ Alexander Graham Bell ~ issue of 1940
In the 1940s, the US post office issued a memorandum stamp to honor Bell's famous American series. The first day of the event to be held was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, where it was the city where Bell spent considerable time working with research and deaf. Bell stamps were very popular and sold in less time. Stamps are still available today, which are extremely valuable in many categories.
In 1997, Bell's 150th anniversary was celebrated by the Royal Bank of Scotland offering a special £ 1 banknote. The back of the note includes introduction of Bell's face, his signature and Bell's life and career equipment: Telephone users from time to time; Audio wave signal; Diagram of telephone receiver; Geometric shapes from the engineering framework; Sign language representations and phonetic alphabet; Female swans who helped them understand the flight; And he was studying the sheep, which he understood in Genesis. In addition, the Canadian government awarded Bell $ 100 CAD gold coins in 1997 and was also a memento for his 150th birth anniversary, and in 2009 with the Silver Dollar, the 100 birth anniversaries of Canada were also nominated. Dr. Bell flew the first airplane designed under the teaching of Bell, whose name was Silver Dart, Bell's impression and many of his inventions in numerous countries from around the world, on paper paper, coins and postal stamps.
Bell's name is widely known and is still used as part of a number of educational institutions, corporate individuals, street and place names around the world. In the official BBC national survey, Alexander Graham Bell is ranked 57th in 100 Great Britain (2002) and is ranked in the top ten Great Canadians (2004) and 100 Great Americans (2005). <Ref> http: // null 100 great British heroes BBC News World Edition, August 21, 2002. Update: April 5, 2010. In 2006, Bell was named as one of the 10 great Scottish scientists in history after he came to the Scottish Science Hall of Fame of the National Library of Scotland.
Bell, who was a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, received an honorary degree in law doctor at the University in 1906 (LL.D.). Honorary degree
Alexander Graham Bell, who was unable to perform his university's university programs, received an honorary degree from academic institutions, such organizations include:
Gallaudad College in Washington, D.C. (Ph.D. 1880) [1] In 1896, Harvard University (LL.D.) in Wauszburg, Bavaria, University of Würzburg (Ph.D.) in Bavaria, in 1902, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. University of Edinburgh in Edinburgh, Scotland (LL.D) in 1906 [2], Dartmouth College died in Hanover, New Hampshire (LL.D.) on June 25, 1913, in Queenstown, Kingston, Ontario, in 1909.
Bell died on August 23, 1922, at the age of 75, at the private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, due to diabetes. Bell was also a deadly anemia. Serving her husband after a prolonged illness, Mabel said the words that do not leave me. He responded as a response to Belle and later he died.
Because of Bell's death, during his final action, every phone in the North America was silenced in honor of the people who had given the call to live telecommunications for a long distance. .
Known as Bell's death, Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King crafted Mrs. Bell and said:
[The government expresses] telling you that the world's understanding has been lost in the death of your respective husband. He will never be the source of our country anymore, with his great discovery, his name will forever be associated, which is a part of history. On behalf of the citizens of Canada, I send you a joint gratitude and emotional response to you.
Bell's father, grandfather and brother were involved in the work of elocution and speech, and both of their mothers and wives were deaf, who had a profound effect on Bell's life's work. His invention of hearing and speech action led to the use of hearing aids, which ultimately led to a conclusion, and Bell first appeared in the United States in 1876. Patents were awarded In the past, Bell's most famous invention was considered as an invasion of his true work as a scientist, and refused to use the telephone in his study.
Many other discoveries have given evidence of Bell's life behind, which includes unique work in the field of optical telecommunications, hydrophil and aeronautics. In 1888, Alexander Graham Bell became the founder member of the National Geographic Society.
Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on March 3, 1847. His family's home was at 16th South Charlotte Street, and it was a memorial spot on the entrance, indicating Alexander Graham's birthplace. He had two brothers, Melville James Bell (1845-1870) and Edward Charles Bell (1848-1867). Both brothers died due to tuberculosis of the lungs. His father was Professor Alexander Melville Bell, and his mother was Eliza Grace (family name Symonds). Although he was born as Alexander, at the age of ten, at the age of ten, he requested his father to give him a middle name, like his two brothers. His father believed in his 11th birthday and allowed him to adopt the middle name Graham, who was chosen by Alexander Graham, who was a Canadian and studied in a hostel and was looked after by his father and who became a family, from the name mentioned above The choice was made. He was being an Alec for close relatives and friends, whom he named as his father in his later life.
First search
As a child, the smallest Alexander Graham Bell showed natural curiosity about his world, which also resulted in the combination of botanical samples and experimentation at an early age. His best friend was Ben Hurdman, a neighbor whose family had a chain of grains, used to fight with him many times. Little Elk asked what the need to do in the mill. He said that wheat has to be cleaned by labor process and at the age of 12, Bell created a homemade device, which was a mix of rotating brushes with a set of nail brushes, thus making a machine for cleaning wheat, which was put into use and used for many years Continued use. In front of it, John Hurdman gave a small workshop to run the boys to search for both boys.
From his early years, Bell displayed a sensitive nature and talent for art, poetry and music, which was encouraged by his mother. Without any formal training, he had achieved piano skills and became a pianist of the family. Despite being generally quiet and self-conscious, he used to mimic and make noise by trickling others, due to which he provided frequent entertainment during his occasional visit to family guests. Bell had a deep impact on his mother due to the gradual deafness (he began to lose hearing when he was 12) and had learned the language of finger, so that he could sit in front of them and explain the ongoing conversation in the family quietly. Apart from this, he developed a technique for clear, matching sounds directly to his mother's forehead, where she could listen to him more clearly. . Bell's preoccupation with his mother's deafness led him to study acoustics.
His family has long been associated with teaching elocution: his grandfather Alexander Bell in London, his uncle in Dublin and his father in Edinburgh were all good speakers. His father published numerous books on this subject, some of which are still well-known, especially that of his Standard Elocutionist (1860), which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. Good speakers 168 appeared in the British version and in the United States more than three million were sold. In this treaty, his father explains his method to instruct deaf-mute (as he was at that time) to read the movements of other people's lips to express words and understand the meaning. Alex's father taught him and his brother not only used to write visible words, but to recognize any sign and identify the sound associated with it. Alec became so convincing that he became a part of his father's public demonstrations and amazed the audience with his ability to mean Latin, Gaelic, and Sanskrit sign.
Education
As a small child, Bell loved his brothers and had received elementary education from his father. At an early age, however, he took admission in Royal High School, Edinburgh, Scotland, which he left at the age of 15, and completed only the first four forms. His school record was not so good due to constant absence and low grades. His main interest was in science, especially in biology, when he took subjects from other schools as normal, in which case his father was permanently frustrated. While leaving school, Bell went to London to live with his grandfather, Alexander Bell. During his years spent with his grandfather, he had a love for learning, and he spent long hours in serious discussions and studies. Older Belle made an incredible effort to learn to speak clearly to her younger student and assuredly said that her student needs to become a teacher herself. At the age of 16, Bell achieved a position as a student-teacher at the Weston House Academy at Elgin More, Scotland in eloquence and music. Although he was enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructed himself to the board classes and in return he received £ 10 per session. The following year. He attended the University of Edinburgh; In which he joined with his older brother Melville, who had entered there earlier this year.
The first experiment with sound
Bell's father encouraged Alec's interest in addressing, and in 1863 he took his son to see a unique automation, which was developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone, based on the previous work of Baron Wolfgang von Camplen. . The primary mechanical maneuvered the human voice. . Aleck was fascinated by the machines and after receiving a copy of the book published by Von Campellen in German, and heavily translated it, he and his elder brother Melville raised their own automation head. His father was very interested in his project, and had shown willingness to pay for anything and the boys were tempted to give big prizes if successful. If his brother had prepared the cervix, then Aleck had really overcome the difficult task of reconstructing the skull. His efforts resulted in a significant number of manuscripts, he could have spoken a few words. : The boys could have carefully adjusted the lips and when the air was thrown through the whistle, the most recognizable sound was heard, which was a delight for the neighbors who came to see Bell's discovery.
As a result of automation, Belle kept secretly experimenting on a live subject, in the family, Sky Terrier, Troj. After teaching him to murmur continuously, Alec would have reached his mouth and abused the dog's lips and sound to produce sounds like oh oh ga ma ma. Little did understanders believe that their dog How Are You Grandma? That can speak clearly. The more cognitive of his merry nature was that his experiments were guaranteed to the viewers, he saw the speaking dog <reference name = groundwater page 30. > Groundwater 2005, p. 30. However, due to the move from the beginning of the experiment with this sound, Bell had to take serious action on the transmission of sound using tuning forks to research the resonance. At the age of 19, he wrote a report on this work and sent it to the philosopher Alexander Ellis, who was a father's ally (who may now be called Pygmalion later as Professor Henry Higgins). <Reference Name = Groundwater page 30.> Groundwater 2005, p. 30. Alice immediately wrote that the experiments were similar to the current work in Germany. Frustrated by the fact that Hummern von Helmholchz has already been handled by this special work by those who introduced tone sound like the meaning of the same tuning fork contraption, he rejected the German scientist's book Sensations of Tone. Allegations that abruptly translate the original German version of his work on his venture, were superseded after that, which would probably force his future sound, reports such as: Without knowing much about the subject, I felt that if tone sound was produced by electrical equipment Be it, and consonants in that way, and in a clear speech like that, and later also note: I thought that Helmohotz Ryu was ... and my failure was due only to ignorance of electricity. That was a valuable mistake ... If I was able to read German in that period, I would probably have started my experiments.
Family tragedy
In 1865, when Bell's family went to London, Bell returned to the Weston House as an Assistant Master, in his spare hours, he continued experiments with minimal laboratory equipment. Bell focused on experimenting to pass the sound, and later he installed telegraph wire from his room in a Somerset college to a friend's house. By the end of 1867, mainly due to exhaustion, his health was stagnant. His younger brother, Edward Ted, was also in a similar condition, who suffered from lung tuberculosis. When Bell's health improved (since he was describing himself as AG Bell in correspondence) and the following year he served as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, Somerset, England, when his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward had never been healed afterwards. By the death of his brother, Bell returned home in 1867. His elder brother Melville married and got out. As the ambition to pursue a degree at University College London, Bell had thought of preparing for the degree examination for the following year and spent his spare time studying at his family's home.
Helping her father's philosophical address exposition and lectures, Bell was conferred with South Kensington, London's private private school Susana E. Huls were brought at. His first two students were deaf silent girls, who had made significant progress under their education. Since his elder brother was successful on many fronts, including opening his or her elocution school, applying for a patent for the search and starting a family, Bell continued his work as a teacher. However, in May 1870, Melville died due to complications of tuberculosis in the lungs, causing a family crisis. His father also suffered from a debilitating and regained restitution once again after illness in Newfoundland. Since his remaining son was also sick, Bell's parents planned a long way to go to another place. Working steadily, Alexander Melville told Belle, to arrange for the sale of their family property to Bell and to end his brother's talk (Bell taught his last student to treat the pronounced lips), and joined his father and mother to form a new world. Reluctant, Bell had to end the relationship with Mary Ecclestone, in which he speculated he was not ready to leave England with him.
Canada
In 1870, at the age of 23, Bell, his brother's widow, Carolyn (Margaret Ottaway), and his parents traveled on the SS Nestorian to Canada. After landing Quebec City, Bell sat in the Montreal train and later moved to Paris, Ontario to live with Family Hosp. Thomas Henderson. After a brief cohabitation with Henderson, Bell's family bought 10.5 acres of farming at Tutelo Heights (currently known as Tutelo Heights) near Brantford, Ontario. The property included an orchard, big farm house, stables, piggery, hen house and carriage house and was situated on the banks of the Grand River.
At home and on the ground, Belle had set up a workshop in the converted house in the carriage house, near which she was called the dream palace, which was a large hollow nest in a tree in the back of the property on the river. Despite having a poor state reaching Canada, Bell liked his climate and environment according to his hobby, and his medical examination began to improve rapidly. He continued his interest in the study of the human voice and when he discovered the Six Nations reserves in the river at Onondaga , He had learned the language of Mohawk and language of his unexplained dictionary in the Visible Speech signals Was level. For his work, Bell was honored with the title of Honorary Chief and participated in a ceremony in which he provided Mohawk and performed traditional dance.
After establishing his workshop, Bell continued to experiment with Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound. He designed a piano, which could carry its music at a distance for the purpose of electricity. Once the family settled down, both Bell and his father decided to establish a method of learning, and in 1871, he supported his father in Montreal, where Melville was offered the teaching method of the Visible Speech.
Working with the deaf
As a result, his father was invited to present the Visible Speech System by providing the training to the Boston instructor Sarah Fuller, fuller instructor at Boston, Massachusetts, United States, by the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (which runs today as Horace Mann School for the Deaf). , But he refused to favor the son for that position. Bell, who traveled to Boston in April 1871, succeeded himself in training the school's instructor. He was then asked to repeat the program at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Clarke School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut and Northampton, Massachusetts.
After spending six months abroad, returning to home in Brantford continued his experiment with his harmonic telegraph. The basic idea behind their equipment was that if every message was transported on a separate pitch, the message T was sent by the same wire, but it was necessary to work on both the transmitter and the receiver. Unsure about his future, he intended to return to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped to establish a private practice by contacting Gardiner Green Hubbard, the head of the Clark School for the deaf to recommend. In October 1872, Alexander Bailey opened his School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech in Boston, teaching the method of his father, which attracted a large number of deaf students, in which the number of students in the first class was 30. While working as a private teacher, Helen Keller was one of her most famous students, who came to her as a small child, who was impatient to see, hear or speak. She later said that Belle devoted herself to achieve unequal peace which separates and loses friendship.
Various influential people of that time, including Bell, saw deafness in a way that could have been removed, and also believed that with the resources and efforts he could have been able to teach the deaf to listen and could eliminate the use of sign language, so that he often They can be helped to integrate them into a vast society that is excluded. Although in many schools, children are not well cared for, for example, they were tied behind their hands so that they could not communicate only by a signal that they knew only one language - and therefore they were forced to try oral communication.
Continuous experiment
The following year, Bell became a professor of vocal physiology and illusionation at the School of Vocalition at Boston University. During his time, he circulated simultaneously between Boston and Brantford, and spent summer in Canada's house. At Boston University, Bell became engrossed in enthusiasm for many scientists and inventors living in the city. He continued his research in sound and tried to find a way to transmit musical notes and clear speech, but it became difficult for him to spend enough time in the experiment, becoming a masterpiece in his experiments. Because of his education and private classes in the days and evenings of the day, Bell began waking up late at night, and he continued the experiment on the rented boarding house. Working hours like night owls, they were worried that their work would be traced and therefore they took great strife to keep their notebooks and laboratory equipment in short supply. Bell had a specially prepared table, where he put his notebook and instrument lock-in. There was still worse, because of his health headache as he suffered severe headaches. Returning to Boston in 1873, Bell made a destructive decision to focus on the sound.
Bell is addressing a copied model of his telephone.
Deciding to leave his amazing private Boston practice, Bell had only two students, Six-year-old Georgie Sanders, who was deaf from birth and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard Each student was an important role in the progress of the next. George's father, Thomas Sanders, was a wealthy businessman, who offered Bell a place near Salem with George's grandmother, in which a room for experimentation was ready. Despite being offered by Georgi's mother and had a one-year contract in 1872, her son and Aya came to live in the quarter behind Bell's Boarding House, in which it was clear that Mr. Sanders supported the proposal. This arrangement was to keep the work between the teacher and the student free of charge with the room and inside the board. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl, who was 10 years older than her junior, but she became the character of Bell's feelings. She learned to read lips after the bloodstream attack on the age of five, but her father and Bell's patron and personal friend Gardiner Green Hubbard hoped that she would work directly with her teacher.
Telephone
By 1874, Bell had entered into the creative phase of his initial work on his harmonic telegraph with the progress of his new Boston Laboratory (renting facility) and his family home in Canada which was a major success. In Brantford he worked in the summer, experimented with machine phonautographs such as a pen, which shaped sound waves on a fuming glass followed by its vibrations. Belle thought that it would be possible to produce a gradual climbing electrical curve while matching sound waves. Belle also thought that a number of metal rings could be tuned to different frequencies like a bear, which would make it possible to convert the descending currents into sound again. But they did not have a working model to show the possibility of these techniques.
Telegraph message traffic was rapidly increasing in 1874 and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, he emerged as a powerful trading force. In order to prevent the costs incurred for the creation of new lines, Orta signed contracts with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find ways to send more than one telegraph to each telegraph line. Two rich patrons, representing Gardner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, started financially supporting Bell's experiments as he himself is working on more than one tone system on telegraph wires using multi-read devices. Patent matters were handled by Hubbard's patent lawyer, Anthony Pollock.
In March 1875 Bell and Pollock visited Joseph Henry, the famous scientist, who was the director of the Smithsonian Institution at that time, and advised on Henry's advice on electrical multi-read devices, which Belle Savoy hoped that Telegraph would transmit human voice. Henry responded that Bell had a great discovery of the worm. When Belle said that he did not have the necessary information, Henry responded, get it! Even though he did not have enough resources to continue his experiments and did not have the ability to create a working model on his ideas, the announcement provided Bell's encouragement to try, however, an experienced electric designer and mechanical Thomas at Charles William's electrical machine shop. a. Opportunity between Weston and Bell changed the whole situation.
Due to financial backing by Sanders and Hubbard, Bell became able to employ Thomas Weston as his assistant and both of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy. On June 2, 1875, pulled one of the Westin and Reeds, and Bell heard the reed overton on the other end of the wires, which is needed to transmit the sound. This condition showed Bell that there was only one reed or armature (a soft iron band that combines two ends of a magnet), not necessarily many reeds. This resulted in sound-enabled telephone galoops, not a clear voice but, capable of transmitting sound like vague sound.
Competition from the patent office
In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and applied a patent for it. Since he agreed to distribute profits from the United States with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Belle had requested George Brown to patent his British entry in Britain, and after receiving from Britain, he instructed his lawyers to apply for a patent in the US. Britain was issuing a patent only after its discovery, not a patent made earlier On).
Patent of Alexander Graham Bell's telephone [71] </ reference> Drawing, 7 March 1876.
Meanwhile, Elisha Gray was experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of ways to transmit the sound through the use of a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, in a caveat about the design of the telephone designed using the Gray Water Transmitter, the US In the office that failed, in the morning, Bell's lawyer submitted the petition to the patent office. There is considerable discussion about who came before, and Gray later challenged the superiority of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on 14 February 1876.
Bell's Patent 174,465 Bell on 7 March 1876, U. S. Was issued by the patent office. Bell's patent covers the mechanism and devices of speech transmittings or other sounds telegraphically due to the above electrical strain of air movement with the above vocal or other sound.
On the same day, Bell returned to Boston and the work was resumed the next day, and Gray's patented caveat just like a diagram drawn in his notebook.
On 10 March 1876, three days after the issuance of his patent, Bell succeeded in obtaining telephone work by using the same fluid transmitter as Gray's design. Due to the movement of diaphragm, the needle was moving in the water, in which electric resistance in the circuit was different. When Bell introduced the phrase, Mr. Watson-Ah come-in a fluid transmitter, Watson was listening to the receiver and in the side room, and clearly heard the words.
Even though Bell was accused of alleging theft of a telephone from Gray on Bell, after using the patent approval of Belle, Bell used the same as the proof of the idea to achieve Gray's water transmitter design and to achieve conveying satisfaction, according to which a clear sound (Bell's words) can be heard electrically Was transmitted. After March 1876, Bell focused on improving electromagnetic telephones and never used Grey's liquid transmitter for public purposes or for commercial purposes.
Patent investigator, Xenas Fisk Wilber later showed on the affidavit that he had drunk alcohol because he was a big debt to Bell's lawyer Marcelus Bailey, with whom he had landed in the civil war. He claimed that he had shown Gray's patent kayette to Bailey. Wilber (Bell, from Boston to Washington DC, had arrived) claimed that he had shown to Gray's kyate Bell and Bell gave him $ 100. In a letter written to Gray, he admitted that he had learned some technical details. Even though Bailey had claimed that he only discussed patents in general terms. Belle never denied the affidavit about Wilber being paid.
Later developments
Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell took the operational model of his telephone home. He sent a possible telegram to the Telegraph office on August 3, 1876 in Mount Pleasant, five miles (8 km) away from Brantford. As the witnesses were present as witnesses in the office, the voice was heard in response. The following night, the four miles (six km) from Brantford by the well-wrapped wire in the Telegraph Line and the Fence, and Bell received a message from his home in the house, surprised his guests and family. At this time, guests at the house heard clearly the sound of those who were reading and singing in Brantford. These experiments clearly proved that the telephone could also work at a long distance.
Bell and his partners Hubbard and Sanders offered to sell the patent rights for the Western Union for $ 100,000. The president of the Western Union created obstacles by saying that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told his colleagues that he got $ 25 million of patent and he wanted to make a bargain. Since then Bell did not sell the patent company. Bell's investors became millionaires when Bell worked well with fossils and at one point his property was about $ 1 million.
Bell started public exhibitions and lectures with the intention of introducing a new discovery in the scientific community as well as the general public. Only one day later, in Philadelphia, 1876 at the National Exposition of the National Assembly, their prototype of the initial telephone prototype made the telephone a worldwide headline. Influential visitors to the exhibition included the Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, and later Bell had the opportunity to perform a personal exhibition in front of the famous Scottish scientist William Thomas and Queen Victoria, who called the exhibition very special at the request of the audience at Isle of Wight at Isle of Wight. The enthusiasm among the people around Bell was shaped by the groundwork for global acceptance of this revolutionary device.
The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877 and more than 150,000 people in the US made the telephone. Bell's company engineers made numerous other improvements in the telephone, which had emerged as one of the many products so far. In 1879, the Bell Company bought Edison's patents for the carbon microphone from the Western Union. In this regard, the telephone was made possible for a long distance, and the telephone receiver was not required to crack down on hearing.
On January 25, 1915, Bell made the first landmark telephone call. Calling from 15th Street in New York, Bell heard Thomas Watson from 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. The report was published by the New York Times.
Competitors
Sometimes, more than one search can be done, as is common in scientific discoveries, as many evidence providers are working on the telephone. After 18 years, Bell Telephone Company had faced more than 600 claims relating to telephone rights related legal challenges, but none of the original Bell patents succeeded in establishing sovereignty, and the Bell Telephone Company did not lose the case until it reached its final phase. Bell's Laboratory Notes and Family Letters were the key to establishing a long legacy of his experiments. Bell's company lawyers fought against numerous claims arising early in the face of challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. In his personal correspondence to Bell, both Gray and Dolbeer endorsed their previous work, which made them vulnerable to later claims.
On 13 January 1887, the United States government took steps to cancel the patent issued to Bell on the basis of fraud and non-production. After numerous decisions and changes, the Bell Company won the decision in the Supreme Court, although some of the lower court's original claims were left unconditionally. During the nine years of legal fights, the court case was run, the death of a US Attorney, and the patent of patent (No. 174,465 and date 7 March 1876 and No. 186787 dated 30 January 1877) had not been affected for a long time , The responsible judges of that time agreed to continue the proceeding due to the importance of the case as the basis. Changes in the administration and conflict of interest (from both sides), arising from the original case, have changed. The Attorney General rejected the claim on 30 November 1897, leaving the various issues uncertain on the basis of eligibility.
During the charges of 1887, Italian inventor Antonio Meucci also claimed to have invented the first operational telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, the first three of the cases he was involved in, Meucci took the position of a witness in the hope that his discovery would be the priority. Evidence in this case of Meucci was controversial because of lack of proof of their invention as their working models were lost meaningfully in the Laboratory of the American District Telegraph (ADT), which was later formed as a subsidiary of the Western Union in 1901. Like other inventors of that period, Mookie's work was based on the earlier acoustic principles, the final case involving Meucci was dropped due to the death of Meucci, despite the earlier experiments of previous experiments. However, the US House of Representatives Congress Vito Fossella said on June 11, 2002 that the task of searching the telephone of Meucci should be taken into consideration, however, it did not end and the current issue is still there. Bell's work on the telephone. Some modern scholars do not agree with claims that were influenced by Muckney's discovery.
The value of the Bell Patent was supported worldwide and patent applications were mostly done in large countries, but when Bell delayed the application of a German patent, Siemens & Helks (S & H) Electrical Company established Bell Telephone's competitor company under their own patent. Was there. Siemens Company produced closely related copies of Bell Telephone without paying royalties. Numerous contracts in other countries ultimately strengthened the global telephone operations. Bell was required in legal battles as he continued to face pressure in court, and eventually he had to resign from the company.
Family Life Alexander Graham Bell, his wife Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, and their daughters Elsie (left and Marian C. 1885
Shortly after the establishment of the Bell Telephone Company, on July 11, 1877, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857-1923) at Hubbard Estate in Cambridge. He gifted 1,487 of his 1497 shares of his newly formed Bell Telephone Company to his wife. After a short period of time, both newlyweds went to Europe for one year at Honey Moon. During that funeral, Alec took the handmade model of his telephone with him to make the holidays. The maiden action began a year ago, however Alexander had waited until financially more financially than before getting married. Seeing the telephone as an early success, it was not initially a profitable venture, and Bell's main income source was from his speeches until 1897 and thereafter. An extraordinary request was made by his fiancee that he used the Alec name instead of the family's former name Alec. From 1876 he used his signature as Alec Bell. They had four children: Elsie May Bell (1878-1964), who is referred to by Gilbert Grosvenor, Marian Hubbard Bell (1880-1962) of National Geographic Famous, as Diazie, Gilbert Grosvenor, [[Marion Hubbard Bell (1880- 1962) is addressed in the name of Daisy, and two sons died in infancy. Until Bell's father-in-law purchased a home in Washington, D.C. in 1880, Bell's family home was located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, then in 1882 there was a Browhead Mansion in the same city, so that he could stay with them while attending numerous cases involving patent disputes.
During his entire life in Scotland, Bell was subject to British conditions and later lived in Canada until 1882, where he became a neutral citizen of the United States. In 1915, he described his situation in this way: I am not one of the strangers who claim to have the state's allegiance to the two countries. Despite these affidavits, Bell is claimed to be the original son of Canada, Scotland, and the United States. By 1885, a new summer shelter was intended. That summer, Belle had spent her vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending her time in a small village in Baddeck. On returning to 1886, Bailey started building an estate on Badas d'Or Lake from Baddeck. By 1889, the big house, known as The Lodge, was completed and two years later, a large complex of buildings, including new laboratories, was started, named after Belle Bainn Bhreagh (Gaelic: Beautiful Mountain), which was after Alec's heir Scottish Highlands. Belle at Washington D.C. And Bainn Bhriagh, where he spent most of his family years in his house, where he lived during his many years.
By the end of his life, Bell and his family moved between two homes, but for the next 30 years, Been Bhraghadh became more special than the summer house because Bell became so busy with his experiments that his annual residence was longer. Both Mabel and Alec were completely absorbed in Baddeck society and were accepted by the villagers as their own. When the Halifax explosion occurred on December 6, 1917, the bells were still at their house in Beinn Bhreagh. Mabel and Alec took the victim victims of Halifax from one place to another.
Find Backwards
When Alexander Graham Bell was most often associated with the telephone, his interest was different. According to Charlotte Gray, one of his many biographers, Bell's works were uncontrolled in the scientific landscape, and he often became engrossed in reading Encyclopedia Britannica, in which he was looking for new areas of interest. Bell's inventive interest is revealed only in part by 18 patents received by his name, and 12 he shared with his collaborators. Che includes 14 for telephone and telegraph, four for photo phones, one for phonograph, four for aerial vehicles, four for hydroeurplanes and two for selenium cells. Bell's discovery was stretched to the vast ends of interest and included a metal jacket for breathing, an audiometer for hearing impairment difficulty, a device for finding iceberg, how to alleviate salt from seawater, and to find alternate fuels.
Belle has worked extensively in medical research and has invented the deaf learning technique. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his colleagues considered a spectacular magnetic field to record as the purpose of producing the sound repeatedly. Because these three things were used briefly with the concept, they were impractical to create the original work that could work. He left the idea, never realizing that his original theory had a vague concept that he would one day use it for tape recorders, hard disks and floppy disks, drives and other magnetic media. Tape recorders, hard disks and floppy disks, drives and Other magnetic media will be there.
Bell's primary form of air conditioning in his home was used, in which the propeller floats the curtains on large blocks of ice. He also conceived the current concerns of fuel shortage and industrial pollution. Methane gas can be produced from agriculture and factory waste as he has shown. In his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with manure bathrooms and devices to get water from the atmosphere. Shortly before his death, in the interview published in the magazine, he expressed the possibility of using solar panels to keep the house warm.
Metal detector
Bell is also credited with the invention of a metal detector in 1881. This device was quickly put into use, according to which the US. An attempt was made to find a pill from President James Garfield's body. In the trial, the metal detector performed a defective job, but could not find a murderer's pill, some of which contributed little to the obstacle in the metal bed frames, which resulted in the situation. The president's surgeon, who was skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's request to move the president to the bed with no metal spring. Alternatively, Bell experienced a slight sound in his first test, because the pill should probably be taken down or perhaps not detected by a raw device. Belle gave the complete description of his experiment in a paper read in the August 1882 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Hydrofoils Bell HD-4 c at the time of testing. 1919
American hydrofoil pioneering William E. In the March 1906 scientific American article of Mitcham, he explained the fundamental principles of hydrophil and hydroplane. Belle termed the discovery of hydroplane as a very significant accomplishment. Based on the information received from that article, he started thinking of what he is called Hydroofile Boat. Bell and Assistant Frederick W. Casey Baldwin started the Hydrofoil experiments in the summer of 1908 to provide possible support to Airplane taking takeoff from the water. Baldwin studied the work of Italian explorer Enrico Forlani and started testing the models. As a result, he and Bell were encouraged to develop practical hydrofoil watercraft.
During his world tour of 1910-1911, Bell and Baldwin met the Forlanini in France. He rides in the Forlani's Hydrophone boat in Lake Maggiore. Baldwin describes it as easy to fly. Returning to Baddeck, numerous initial ideas emerged as an experimental model, including Dhoni's biogeos, the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil. Experimental boats were primarily the original copy of Proof of Concept which was equipped with the Rinault engine, culminating in a more significant HD-4. The best speed of 54 hours per hour (87 km / h) was achieved, in which the hydrophoeil demonstrated the ability to take fast motion, better stability and steering, and any problem without any difficulty. In 1913, Dr. Bell used to hire Sidney's Yacht designer and builder, as well as Walter Pinaud, a yacht yard in Pinaudo of Westmont, Nova Scotia, to work on the boats of the HD-4. Piñoud soon took charge of Boatyard in Bell's Laboratory near Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate and Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Pinaud's boat building experience helped him to change the design of HD-4. After the First World War, once again the work on HD-4 started. Bell's U.S. Navy report allowed him to acquire two 350 horsepower (260 kW) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, HD-4 set the record by establishing 70.86 miles of the world's maritime speed hour (114.04 km / h), which lasted ten years.
Aeronautics AEA Silver Dart Sea. 1909
In 1891, Bell began experiments to develop heavier than motor-powered aircraft. The founding of the AEA for the first time, Bell shared the dream of his flight with his wife, who had advised that Alexander should take help of small people at the age of 60.
In 1898, Belle experimented with the Tetrahedral box kites and wings that were formed by the numerous mixes of silk covered [Tetrahedral kites]. Tetrahedral wings were named as Signet I, II and III, and they were flown during and without humans, during 1907-1912 (the signet I took to Selfridges collapsed during the flight) some of the Bell creations were exposed at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic site. has come.
Bell supported Aerospace Engineering Research by the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), AEA was officially formed in October 1907 at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, with Mrs. Bell and her financial support. The AEA was headed by Bell and its founding members included four men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, who was a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and he was described as the world's fastest person, had ridden his own bicycle ready in a short span of time, and was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one kilometer fly in the Western Hemisphere. And he emerged as a world-renowned AirPlay manufacturer; Lt. Thomas Selfridge, U.S. The government's official observer and a man in the military believed to be the future of aviation, Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and the first British pilot in public aviation in Hammondsport, New York; And J., A.D. McCready; Both were students of engineering at the University of Toronto.
The work of the AEA was in progress in the work of an Air Machine and applied information from their kites to gliders. Going towards the handsomesport, the group designed and created red wings, which was framed in Bambu and covered in red silk and was equipped with a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, Keiko went on a first public flight in North America, picking up a biplane from the lake. The research included in this design was cockpit enclosure and tail rudder. (Later, the change in the original design was added to control the alarms.) Alarine, one of the many research projects of the AEA, has become a fixed instrument for the aircraft today. (Alarun was independently invented by Robert Axault-Pelteri.) The White Wing and June Bug were followed by this and by the end of 1908, more than 150 flights without any casualty took flight. However, the AEA has reduced its original reserves, and only $ 10,000 of Mrs. Bell received it from her continuing experiment.
His final aircraft design Silver Dart included all advances that were seen in previous machines. On February 23, 1909, Silver Dart got frozen Ice of Brass De Oter J.D. Bell was present due to fly McCari, which became the first aircraft made in Canada. Bell was concerned that the flight was extremely dangerous and had immediately arranged for a doctor. With the successful flight, the AEA was separated and the silver dart was returned to Baldwin and McCurray, who started the Canadian Aerodrome Company and later the Canadian Army's exposition was performed.
Eugenic
Bell was involved in the eugenic movement of the United States, along with other highly advanced thinkers and scientists from that time. In his speech, a personal history of human formation on deaf production was introduced to the National Academy of Sciences on 13 November 1883, noting that deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children than they were born and suggested experimentally. Or both people who have deafs suggested that they should not get married. However, his hobbies for animal breeding resulted in the appointment of biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, which came under the American Breeders Association. The committee extended the theory to the man shadyly. From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the scientific board of the Eugenics Record Office, which was associated with the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York and was regularly present in the meetings. He was the Honorary President of the Second International Congress of Eugenics under the New York-based American Museum of Natural History. Such organizations advocated passing the rules for establishing mandatory sterilization of people who dreamed of Bell as a defective quality in human competition (with success in some states). In the late 1930s, nearly half of the states in the U.S. had eugenics law, and California's law was used as a model for eugenics in Nazi Germany.
Heritage and Honor AE Bell's statue by Cleve Home, similar to that of Lincoln Memorial and was placed in front of the building of Brantford, Ontario, Telephone City (courtesy: Brentford Heritage inventory, City of Brantford, Ontario, Canada).
Bell's most famous invention was omnipresent and his personal glory increased and he was honored and praised. Bell received numerous honorary titles from colleges and universities, in that sense the request was often cumbersome. During his life he also received major awards, medals and other admiration. They include them in the legal memorial of both the creation of the telephone form and the new form of telecommunications, the famous Bell Telephone Memorial was built in honor of the 1915 Giants of Alexander Graham Bell in Ontario.
Bell's large number of writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents were found in the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as Alexander Graham Bell family papers), and Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; A large part of it is available for viewing online.
Numerous historical sites and other signs show memorial bell in North America and Europe, including the United States and Canada's first telephone companies. Other big sites include:
Parks Canada's Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site, which includes the Alexander Graham Bell Museum in Badek, Scotia, near Bainn Bhriagh near Bell Estate .; The Bell Homestead, also known as Melville House, is opposite the Brentford, Ontario, and the Grand River, the Bell family's first home in North America. The first telephone company building in Canada, the Henderson's Home, which was a major part of the 1877 Bell Telephone Company of Canada, was carefully re-established in historic Bell Homestead in 1969. Bell Homestead and Bell Telephone Company Building are maintained by the Bell Homestead Society located in Brantford, Ontario. Alexander Graham Bell Memorial Park, which gives an idea of an extensive ancient monument built in 1917 through public recourse. Memorial graphic displays the ability to spread the world through human communication. Alexander Graham Bell Museum (opened in 1956), is part of the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site, which was completed in 1978 in Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Most museum manuscripts were donated by Bell's daughter.
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with the cash of 50,000 francs (roughly $ US Dollar Template: Inflation-fn) from the academy francis for the invention of the telephone, which represents the French government. Scholars who had decided were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. Volta Prize idea came to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801 and was named in honor of Alessandro Volta, in which Ballet received the third prize in history. As Bell became increasingly prosperous, he used his prize money to create an endowment fund (volta fund) and to the United States Capital of Washington, DC, and in institutions around it. It is also known as the prestigious Volta Laboratory Association (1880), Volta Laboratory and the Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory, and ultimately a center for study on diabetes in the Volta Bureau (1887), still in Georgetown, Washington, DC Is functional. Volta Laboratory emerged as an experimental facility dedicated to scientific discovery and discovered the wax phonograph cylinder in the following spring year, which was later used by Thomas Edison; The laboratory was also a place where they discovered their lofty achievement by their colleagues, the photophone, optical telephone futuristic fiber optic communication, while the Volta Bureau later developed into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for Deaf and Hard of Hearer (AG Bell). , Which was the leading center for the research and education of deafness.
In partnership with Gardiner Hubbard, Bell helped in the establishment of the publication science during the early 1880s. In 1888, Bell was one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society and became its second president (1897-1904), and became the Regent of the Smithsonian Institution. (1898-19 22). The French government honored him with the decoration of Legion of Honor, London's Royal Society of Arts, awarded him Albert Medal in 1902, and the University of Würzburg, Bavaria awarded him Ph.D. degree. He was also awarded the AIE Edison Medal in 1914 for a commendable achievement in the search of the telephone.
Bell (B) and the small decibel (DB) are the measure of acupuncture units, which were invented by Bell Labs and named after their names. Since 1976, the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been conferred with awards for outstanding contribution in the field of telecommunications.
~ Alexander Graham Bell ~ issue of 1940
In the 1940s, the US post office issued a memorandum stamp to honor Bell's famous American series. The first day of the event to be held was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, where it was the city where Bell spent considerable time working with research and deaf. Bell stamps were very popular and sold in less time. Stamps are still available today, which are extremely valuable in many categories.
In 1997, Bell's 150th anniversary was celebrated by the Royal Bank of Scotland offering a special £ 1 banknote. The back of the note includes introduction of Bell's face, his signature and Bell's life and career equipment: Telephone users from time to time; Audio wave signal; Diagram of telephone receiver; Geometric shapes from the engineering framework; Sign language representations and phonetic alphabet; Female swans who helped them understand the flight; And he was studying the sheep, which he understood in Genesis. In addition, the Canadian government awarded Bell $ 100 CAD gold coins in 1997 and was also a memento for his 150th birth anniversary, and in 2009 with the Silver Dollar, the 100 birth anniversaries of Canada were also nominated. Dr. Bell flew the first airplane designed under the teaching of Bell, whose name was Silver Dart, Bell's impression and many of his inventions in numerous countries from around the world, on paper paper, coins and postal stamps.
Bell's name is widely known and is still used as part of a number of educational institutions, corporate individuals, street and place names around the world. In the official BBC national survey, Alexander Graham Bell is ranked 57th in 100 Great Britain (2002) and is ranked in the top ten Great Canadians (2004) and 100 Great Americans (2005). <Ref> http: // null 100 great British heroes BBC News World Edition, August 21, 2002. Update: April 5, 2010. In 2006, Bell was named as one of the 10 great Scottish scientists in history after he came to the Scottish Science Hall of Fame of the National Library of Scotland.
Bell, who was a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, received an honorary degree in law doctor at the University in 1906 (LL.D.). Honorary degree
Alexander Graham Bell, who was unable to perform his university's university programs, received an honorary degree from academic institutions, such organizations include:
Gallaudad College in Washington, D.C. (Ph.D. 1880) [1] In 1896, Harvard University (LL.D.) in Wauszburg, Bavaria, University of Würzburg (Ph.D.) in Bavaria, in 1902, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. University of Edinburgh in Edinburgh, Scotland (LL.D) in 1906 [2], Dartmouth College died in Hanover, New Hampshire (LL.D.) on June 25, 1913, in Queenstown, Kingston, Ontario, in 1909.
Bell died on August 23, 1922, at the age of 75, at the private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, due to diabetes. Bell was also a deadly anemia. Serving her husband after a prolonged illness, Mabel said the words that do not leave me. He responded as a response to Belle and later he died.
Because of Bell's death, during his final action, every phone in the North America was silenced in honor of the people who had given the call to live telecommunications for a long distance. .
Known as Bell's death, Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King crafted Mrs. Bell and said:
[The government expresses] telling you that the world's understanding has been lost in the death of your respective husband. He will never be the source of our country anymore, with his great discovery, his name will forever be associated, which is a part of history. On behalf of the citizens of Canada, I send you a joint gratitude and emotional response to you.
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