NTFS
In the mid-1980s, Microsoft and IBM formed a joint project for the creation of the next generation graphical operating system. The result of this project was OS / 2 (OS / 2), but incidentally, Microsoft and IBM did not agree on important issues and were separated. The OS / 2 OS was the only IBM project. Microsoft started working on Windows NT. OS / 2 (OS / 2) file system HPFS included various new features. When Microsoft created their new operating system, they used most of these concepts for NTFS. As a result, this generic tradition, HPFS and NTFS, similarly to the disk partition identification code (07 ) Shared. Since dozens of codes are available and other large filesystems have their own code, ID sharing is unusual. Fat 9FAT) has more than nine (each FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, etc.). Rules for calculation that identify the filesystem in Partition Type 07 must carry additional restrictions. It is also clear that it has some architectural designs in NTFS files-11, which are used by VMS. Dave Cutler was one of the main pioneers for VMS and Windows NT, and was extremely surprised.
Versions
NTFS has five released versions:
v.1.0 with NT 3.1, NT 3.5 with the v.1, announced in mid-1993, NT 3.51 (NT 3.51) with the v.2 declared in late 1994 (mid-1995) and NT 4 (in the middle of 1996) (OS version) 4 is occasionally referred to as NTFS 4.0) by Windows 2000 (NTFS V5.0) v.3.0 Windows XP (Ottoman 2001; NTFS V5.1), Windows Server 2003 (Autumn 2003; Occasional NTFS V5.2), Windows Vista (in mid-2005) (Occasional NTFS V6.0) and Windows Server 2008 V 3.1
v1.0 and v1.1 (and newer) are not compatible: those volumes are written by NT 3.5 X and as long as the NT 3.5 x CD NT 3.1, which also supports the fat longevity name, is not implemented until NT 3.1 Not readable v1.2 supports compressed files, which have streams named ACL based security, etc. v3.0 added disk quota, encryption, sporadic files, reparse points, updated sequence number (USN) journaling, expanded folder and its files and reconstructed security descriptors, so many files that have the same security setting are identical to Share with descriptor V 3.1 Extended Master File Table (NFT) Entries with a Nutshell NFT Number (useful to recover damaged NFT files).
Windows Vista put the Transactional NTFS, NTFS Symbolic Link, Partition Shrinking and Self-Healing Personality Market, while these properties have more properties than the file system in the extra operations of the operating system.
Properties
NTFS v3.0 includes several new features compared to its earlier versions: touching files, disk file support, disk usage quatos, repairs points, distributed link tracking, and file-level encryption, which is known as encryption file system (EFS).
USN Journal
The USN Journal is a system management property, which displays huge changes to files, steams, and directories on all volumes, as well as its various contributions and safety settings. For the guarantee of internal complex data structures, it is a crucial function of NTFS (the property that does not provide FAT / FAT32) (volume algorithm bitmap or data rotation is significantly improved by defragmentation APIs, MFTs, Upgrades in records such as MFT Various Variable-Length Contributions, or Shared Security Discs Updates to PCs and boot sectors and their local mirrors where the volume has been stored, USN transactions have been conducted at the end) and indices (for directory and security descriptors) will continue to fall short of the system and when the volumes rise This will allow uninterrupted changes in crucial data structures to be withdrawn. In the later version of Windows, the USN Journal had extended its expansion to other types of operating systems on other parts of the NTFS filesystem, such as Copy of Right Semantics or VSS Shadow Copy of Transactional and Distributed FilesSystems (see below). .
Hard disk and short filenames
Originally supporting the POSIX subsystem in Windows NT, hard diskirectory is similar to junction but used for files instead of directories. Hard links can only be applied to files on similar volumes, because an additional filename has been added to MFT records of files. The short (8.3) file names that do not have separate directory entries are applied as additional filename records.
Alternative (Alternate) Data Streams (ADS)
Filename format filename: Using streamname (e.g., text.txt: extrastream m) provides more than one data stream associated with filename, alternate data streams. Alternate streams are not listed on Windows Explorer and their size is not included in file size. Only main file stream is visible when connected to an email or copied to a network share or fat-formatted USB drive that is uploaded to a website. As a result, using alternative streams for complex data can be a problem. Malware has used alternate data streams to hide its code; Some Malware Scanners and other special tools now check data in Alternate streams.
Extremely small ADSs are also added to Internet Explorer (and now also in other browsers) to mark downloaded files from external sites: They may be unsuitable to run locally, and the local shell will need support without opening the user. When a user indicates that he is no longer on the confirmation dialogue, this ADS is simply put down from the MFT entry for download files. Some media players tried to use the ADS to store custom metadata in media files for the purpose of organizing collections without modifying the effective data list in their way (using embedded tags when they are supported by a media file format, such as MPEG and OGG containers). Was; This metadata can be seen in Windows Explorer as an additional information column using the registered Windows Shell extension, which it can subdue, but most media players prefer to use their own database for the storage of this information. (Especially because the ADS clearly sets the security settings Instead, all of these files are visible to users and depending on the user's choice Have a fixed value).
Sparse files
Sparse files are files that have touch data sets, data that includes mostly zeros. Database applications eg As often uses touching files. Due to this, Microsoft has implemented support for the collection of touch files by applying the application to specify an empty (zero) data area. An application that reads the touching file in normal circumstances, when the file system calculates what data should be returned based on file offset. As well as compressed files, the actual size of touching files is not taken into account when determining quota limits.
File compression
NTFS compresses files using the type of LZ77 algorithm (also used in popular ZIP file format). Even though read-write access is transparent in compressed files, Microsoft server avoids compression on the server and / or distributes network roaming profiles in the hold because it puts significant load on the processor.
Single user systems with limited hard disk space will probably use NTFS compression successfully. [23] The very slow link in the computer is not a CPU but a speed of hard drive, so NTFS compression can be limited, slow storage space, which can be used better by space and (often) speed. NTFS compression also acts as a replacement for touch files when programmatic downloading (eg download manager) is not capable of creating files without listing like touch files. Volume Shadow Copy
Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) records the historical versions and folders of files on NTFS volumes, replacing them with new data on the old, shadow copy (copy-on-right). When a user requests to return to the previous version, the old file data will be overwritten. It currently helps the data backup program to archive files that are in use by the file system. On heavier loaded systems, Microsoft recommends setting up a shadow copy on a separate disk. For continuous improvement in case of system closure, VSS uses the USN Journal to give a distinctive shape to local transactions, and when the NTFS volume is rebooted when the system restarts or a newer version is completely removed before upgrading files If not recorded, then the system files are effectively executed when the old version is rollbacked safely (See below). To achieve continuous system impact in back-ups, backups can be used to ensure that older versions remain accessible at the time of backup operation.
Transactional NTFS
According to Windows Vista, application can use transactional NTFS to collectively make changes in files in the transaction. This transaction ensures that all changes are made or none of them occur, and there is certainly no change in the transaction until it is out of the transaction There will be no change in the application guarantee. Overwriting data can be safely withdrawn and the UFS journaling log or whatever has happened but not fully implemented (to be closed in case of a system shutdown), to mark the transaction that has not yet been done. For those techniques, the volume is used for shadow copies (i.e., copy on right), they use similar techniques. However, in a transactionable enabled filesystem, it can be temporarily used for all other files needed for a partition to be broken, unless the transaction is done.
Copy on Right Technique Jock has been improved to prevent creation of fragmentation in the efficient rollback and possibly the creation of fragmentation in many files: On an old date, an immediate overton can not be done, but is kept as it is (especially when continuous reading in his own transaction For now it has been locked by someone); In that case, new unmodified data is kept in the temporary shadow (rather than copying old data), when the transaction is done by the writer, it will be implemented using the usual VSS copy on write. In addition, this temporary shadow for new data, which has been seen by participating processes and has its own unlimited data, is not necessarily written on the disk, but only kept in memory or For the rest of the work has been erased. Transaction NTFS is not limited to local NTFS only, but operations in other transactional data or other locations such as data stored in different volumes, local registry or SQL database or system or existing services of system services or remote services.
The Distributed Transactions Coordinator (DTC) guarantees that all the persons will receive the same commit state and not carry forward the changes approved by the other person (so others are old), the network is integrated with all the persons who use this particular transaction. Can invalidate their local locations for data or unmounting them going forward Can pull up the improvements). Transactional NTFS, e.g. As such, network w allow creation of continuous distributed file systems, including their local location or offline locations.
Encrypting File System (EFS)
EFS provides strong user transparency encryption of any file or folder on NTFS volumes. Works with EFS EFS Service, Microsoft's CryptApi (API) and EFS File System Run Time Library (FSRTL). EFS converts a file with a huge systematric key (encryption key) (also known as file encryption key or FEK), which is used because it takes some time to converge into code language and if an asymmetric key If utopian is used then it puts huge data in common language. After using the cipher key or filename, the file is encrypted by the public key, which is associated with the encrypting user, and this encrypted data is stored in the encrypted file's optional data system. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the user's private key to decrypt the simitrack key stored in the file header. He then uses the simit key to decrypt the file. Since this file is being transmitted at system level, it is transparent to the user. Also, when the user fails to access their key, the EFS system has been supported for additional decryption keys, so that recovery agent can still access the file if needed. Encryption and compression provided by NTFS are intrinsically exclusive - NTFS can be used for one and third party tools for others. EFS support is not available in Windows Basic, Home, and MediaCensor versions and can be activated after installing Windows Professional, Ultimate and Server Versions or using Enterprise Deployment Tools in Windows Domains.
Quatos
An introduction to disk quota was given in NTFS v3. Allows computer administrators to run Windows versions that support NTFS to determine the threshold of disk space that the user is using. It also gives the administrator the ability to monitor how much space each user uses. Before the user receives a warning, the administrator can decide the level of disk space for which the user is supposed to use, and when a user touches its upper surface or denies access to it. Disk quota does not take into account NTFS's transparent file compression, it should be enabled. Those who interact with numerous free-space applications will also see the free space they have in the space allocated to them. Disk quota support is not available in Windows Basic, Home, and MediaCensor versions and can be activated after installation of Professional, Ultimate and Server Versions of Windows or by using Enterprise Deployment Tool in Windows Domains.
Repairs points
The introduction of this property was given in NTFS v3. All of these can be used with the help of a reparse tag in the user space attribute of the file or directory. When an object manager (sees the Windows NT line executive) analyzes the lookup named file system and searches for the reasons for the reporter, it reports the lookup name, the user's control The repair passes the data to every filename system filter in Windows 2000 Have come in. Each filter driver checks the reporter data to see if it is associated with the repairs point and if the filter driver decides the match, then the file system will dissolve the call and execute its special operation. Reparse points are used to apply volume mount points, directory junctions, heirarchical storage management, native structured storage, single-instrument storage and symbolic links.
After a volume increases in the top of the existing directory of other volumes, the list previously listed in that directory disappears and changes through the list of the original directory of the increased volumes. The other volumes can still have their own drive letter assigned separately. Filesystems do not allow volumes to interact with each other. Volume mount points can be continued (automatic rebooted after system reboot)) or can not be held. Mounted volumes may also use other filesystems other than NTFS, perhaps it may also be remote shared directories, which may possibly have its own security settings, and may also be remapping of access rights according to the remote filesystem policy.
Directory junctions
Similar to volume mount points, however, directory junctions refer to other directories in the file system as well as other volumes. Eg As such, the directory with the C: \ exampledir directory junction shows that it contains the link: d: \ linkeddir, which automatically refers to d: \ linkdir when accessed by user mode. This function is conceptually similar to symbolic links in Unix-based directories, except that the targets in NTFS will remain the same as another directory (the special Unix file system provides the target of the symbolic link with any type of file type) and the hardlink cementics (Assuming the system) (that is, when it is formed immediately, On the basis of which it should be resolved).
Directory attachments (whose formation can be formed with command MKLINK / J junctionName targetDirectory and can be removed with the RMDIR junctionName from the console prompt), and are resolved by server server because of sharing the same security topic to the local system or domain, The original volumes are on the rise and there are similar security settings for the list of target directories; However the junction can have clear security settings. Deleting a directory junction connection does not delete the files in the target directory.
Note: Windows XP has some default directory junctions installed in Windows Vista for compatibility with previous versions of Windows, such as Documents and Settings in the root directory of the system drive, which is connected to the user's physical directory in the same directory of the same volume. However by default it is a heap, and Their security settings are arranged, so in the Windows Explorer shell or so In most applications, except the local built system or local administrators group (both user account systems are accessed by software installers) will not open them. These additional security controls may have prevented users from finding the duplicate files in the connected directory and have deleted them in error, since the semantics of the directory junction are not similar to the hardlinks: Reference calculation is not used on the target list but also on the referenced container.
Directory junctions are a soft link (even if the target directory is removed), which acts as a limited form of symbolic links (with additional control over the target location), but it is an optimized version, with a repairs point with which It is implemented by a new NTFS symbolic link providing a quick process at a lower cost, and its solution to the server Be (when it is found in remote shared directories).
Symbolic links
Symbolic links (or soft links) were placed in Windows Vista. Symbolic links are resolved towards the customer. So when a symbolic link is shared, the target remains on the customer's access control and not on the server. Symbolic links are created on either Files (MkLINK symLink targetFilename), or must be provided with the directories (MKLINK / D symLinkD targetDirectory), but with a link created by the semantic link. Although the target does not have to exist, or it is not necessary to exist when the symbolic link is created: when the symbolic link can be accessed and the target for availability will be verified by NTFS even if it has the correct type of verification Will (file or directory); If the current target is in the wrong type, it will return to the Not Found Folder.
It can specify shared directories or files and subdirectories in remote directories on the remote host: Their targets are not mounted immediately at boots, but they are mounted temporarily to demand opening with OpenFile () or Creative File () APIs. Their definition resides on NTFS volumes where it is formed (Commmical links can be removed using a command symLink using the command line or prompt.
Single Instance Storage (SIS)
When a server is in the directory it is different, but similar files, some of these files may have an identifiable list. Single-instance storage allows identifiable files to be stored in a file and refers to the references for the merged file. SIS includes a file system filter, which handles copy, modification and merging files; And a user space service (or grover) that is recognizable and searches for files that require merging. SIS was created primarily for remote installation server because it has numerous installation images which have numerous identifiable files; SIS allows it to become stronger, but it does not include examples such as hard links, each file is different; The change in one copy of the file will allow them to keep the same. It's like copy on right, which is a technique, by which a copy of memory is not copied until one copy is modified.
Heritage Storage Management (HSM)
Heritable storage management means that files which are not used for a period of time spent in low-cost storage media. When the file is accessed in the repairs point on that file then it establishes that it was necessary and received it from the storage.
Native Structured Storage (NSS)
NSS is an ActiveX document storage technology that has been dropped by Microsoft. It allowed the ActiveX document to be stored in the same multi-stream format as the ActiveX used internally. The NSS file system filter was loaded and multiple streams of applications were used for transparency processing and when files were transferred to non-NTFS formatted disk volumes, they would also transfer many streams into single stream.
Intercultural ability
Details of implementation internality have not been published, which makes it difficult for a third party to provide tools to the NTFS management of vendors.
Linux
The ability to read and write on NTFS is provided by the NTFS-3G driver. It has been included in the majority of Linux distributions. Other old and mostly read-only solutions exist only. :
Linux kernel 2.2: Kernel versions 2.2.0 and later included the ability to read NTFS partitions. Linux kernel 2.6: Kernel versions 2.6.0 and later included a driver written by Anton Altaparmkov (University of Cambridge) and Richard Rason. It provides support for read, white, and resize files. NTFS Mount: Read / Write Userspace Driver. It provides read-write access to NTFS, which does not include writing compressed and encrypted files, file ownership changes and access rights. NTFS for Linux: A commercial driver with full read / write support is available by Paragon. Captive NTFS: Wrapping Driver, Windows's Own Driver, ntfs.sys
Remember that all three user-space drivers, whose name is NTFS Mount, NTFS-3G and Captive NTFS, have been placed in FileSystem In Userspace (FUSE), as well as to save and retrieve data. The Linux kernel module has been linked to the Userspace and the Kernel code. Most of the drivers listed above (except for Paragon NTFS) are open source (GPL) for Linux. Due to the complexity of internal NTFS, both have been replaced with 2.6.14 kernel driver and FUSE drivers, which do not allow modifications to stop decay in unsafe volumes.
Mac OS X
Read only support for Mac OS XW 10.3 and later NTFS formatted partitions. GPL-licensed NTFS-3G works on Mac OS X through FUSE and provides readings and writing support for NTFS partitions. One-Page Solution for Mac OS X with Reed / Write Access is Paragon NTFS for Mac OS X. NTFS Right Support was detected in Mac OS X 10.6, because the hacks were available to carry the functionality did not apply to the version.
Microsoft Windows
While the various NTFS versions were mostly full-forwards and backwards-compatable, the old versions of Microsoft Windows were technical considerations for the mounting of new NTFS volumes. It affects dual beating and external portable hard drives. Eg As such, attempting an NTFS partition on an operating system with previous versions (AAA Volume Shadow Copy) does not support it, and it will result in a list of previous versions that are currently lost.
Other
Ecommerce, Colbybios, and FreeBSD offer read only ONLY NTFS support (Beta NTFS driver has granted write / delete permissions for ecommerce, but it is generally considered to be unsecured). A free third-party tool for BOS, which is based on NTFS-3G, provides full NTFS read and write support. NTFS also works on Mac OS X, Free BSD, NetBSD, Solaris and Haiku through FusSE in addition to 3G Linux. Free MS-DOS for a read / write driver, also known as ATFS 4DOS, for personal use also exists.
Compatibility with Fat
Microsoft currently provides a tool to transform (convert.exe) HPFS (only on Windows NT3), FAT16 and, Windows 2000 and above, from FAT32 to NTFS, but not on any other way. Various third-party tools are able to safely resize NTFS partitions. Microsoft has added the ability to expand or minimize a partition with Windows Vista, but the ability to limit the ability to decrease the partition is limited, because the page file fragmentation or files that have not been installed can not be relocated, thus reducing the partition. If you use a third-party tool for rebooting or defragment without a paypal file, File can not be undone if it is a file that can mitigate the situation.
For historical reasons, windows versions of NTFS that do not support NTFS do all the time internally to keep local time and therefore, for all file systems other than NTFS supported by existing Windows versions. However, WinOS NT and its earlier software keep the internal timestamps as UTC and converts properly for display purpose. Therefore, NTFS timestamps are in UTC. That means when the files are copied. When the NTFS and NTFS partitions are switched between, the OS needs to be timestamp conversion on the fly. But if some files are rotated when there is daylight saving time (DST) effect and other files are rotated when there is a standard time, there is some uncertainty in the conversion. As a result, shortly after a day of change in local time zone, users will be able to see that some files have timestamps, which have been worse than an hour or so. Because of the difference in DST implementation between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, it can lead to potential time error in any 12 month period.
Internal (internal parts)
In NTFS, all file data file names, creations date, access permissions, and lists are stored as metadata in the master file table. This exclusive process allows easy addition of file system during the development of Vintose NT - an interesting example of this is the addition of an indexing field used by Active Directory software. NTFS provides 16-bit (file name, stream name, index name etc.) for name encoding. This means that UTF-16 codepoints have received support, but the file system UTF-16 is valid Why does not check it. (It provides any range of low-value, but not limited to Unicode standard).
Internally, NTFS uses the B + tree to index file system data. Despite being difficult to implement, it provides quick time lookup time in most cases. File system journal is used to guarantee the reliability of file system metadata, not for individual files list. Systems consuming NTFS are known for having improved reliability in the fat file system.
Master file table (MFT) includes metadata, which includes every file, directory and metafile on NTFS volumes. It includes files, locations, sizes and approvals. Its structure supports algorithm, which minimizes disk fragmentation. Directory entry consists of filememes and file IDs, which is the file that displays the highest number in the master file table. File IDs also have a rescue count to capture stolen references. While this is strongly related to Files-11's W_FID, other NTFS structures are radically different.
Metafiles
NTFS includes various files, which define and configure the file system. In most cases, most of these files have been composed like other user files (volumes are extremely popular), but the file system does not directly interest on the client. These metafiles determine files, back up the critical file system data, modify buffer file system, manage empty space, satisfy bio-hopes, follow bed allocation units, and store safety and disk space usage information. All listings are in the untitled data stream unless another item is indicated.
These metafiles are typically handled by Windows and are hard to see directly: Special Purpose Built Tools are required.
MFT records, contributions and streams record.
Each file (or directory) has been described in the MFT record, the linear repository of the streamer descriptor (its name is also attributes), packed with different length records (also called attributes list), each MFT ( MFT) with a fixed 1 KB size of the record filled with additional items and it fully describes the effective streams associated with that file. Sector.
An additional stream (or attribute) is of a type (Only the fixed size indigenously in a consolidated descriptor, but mostly in FileOpen () or FileCreate () API calls used in the application using the same symbolic name) The only alternate stream name ( Completely unrelated to the effective filename), additionally the optional associated data for the stream. NTFS, files Or standard data for index data is used as alternative data streams or other data for standard attributes. It's just an attributes which have been stored in one or different attributes list.
For each file described in the MFT record (or in the non-resident repository of stream drivers, see below), stream descriptors are known to their (stream type value, stream name), which should be unique. In addition, NTFS has some mandatory terms for these descriptors. There is a stream type already defined, which is used for the file at the end of the list of stream descriptors in the streams repository. Every stream repository should be represented as the last stream descriptor (after all ignoring it, all other storage space becomes available and the inclusion of bytes to match the cluster size record size in MFT or non-residential smertimes repository). Some stream types must be present and present in each MFT record, except the unused records directed by the stream with the streamed type of cancellation. This is the case for standard attributes, which are stored as a fixed size record and include timestamps and other basic single bit attributes. (Compatible with DOS or FAT / FAT32 in Windows 95/98 applications). Some stream types may not have a name and they have to be synonymous.
This is the case of standard attributes or selective NTFS filename type streams, when it is also available (compatible with applications like DOS, see below). Only having the short name is also possible for a file, in which case its preference in Windows Explorer As will be. The filename stored in the streams repository does not immediately make the file accessible through the hierarchical filesystem. In fact, all file names should be indexed separately in the same volume, with its own MTF and at least one separate directory with its own secure descriptors and attributes, which will make it a reference to MFT entry for that file. It allows hard-linking of similar files or directories at different times from different containers at the same volume, possibly with a specified file name. The default data stream of the regular file is a $ data type stream, but with the synonym name and the same ADS but its name must be. In contrast, the default data stream of directorship has a clear type, but not synonyms: it has a stream name ($ I30 in NTFS 3+) which reflects its sequential form. Resident vs. Non-Resident Data Streams
In order to maximize storage and to reduce I / O for the case of common streams with extremely small associated data, this data is chosen to be stored in the NTFS stream descriptor (same as the stream descriptor size MFT record or in the entry of a non-resident repository. MFT entry space to create a list of clusters containing data, see below). Rather than using questionnaires; In that case, the stream descriptor will not store the data directly, but will actually store the data based only allocation map stored on the volume. While stream data can be accessed directly in the stream descriptor, it is called resident data by computer forensics workers. The number of fittest data is based on the features of the file, but 700 to 800 bytes are not as long as common in single-stream files with no filenames and ACLs.
Some stream descriptors (such as preferred filenames, basic file attributes, or main allocation maps for each non-resident stream) can not be made non-resident. NTFS encrypted by sparse data streams or compressed data streams can not be made non-resident. The formation of the allocation map for non-resident streams depends on its ability to touch data storage. In the current implementation of NTFS, once non-resident stream data is being marked and converted as a touch, it can not be converted to non-touchable data, therefore, the data is not completely cut off by not fully considering the elation map. Until it comes, it does not become resident again. While non-resident data streams are highly fragmented, their effective allocation map does not fit perfectly into MFT records, as a non-resident stream with a small space stream with an allocation map, a non-resident allocation map of non-resident data stream, an inward allocation map Can also be stored. While there are numerous streams for a file (including ADS, Extended Attributes, or Safety descriptors), its descriptors can not fit fits into Amphitie records, non-resident streams can also be used for non-resident streams to store additional repositories for non-resident streams (except for few Small streams that can not be non-residents), used in MFT records Except for the similarity of MFC record space, but using the same format.
Versions
NTFS has five released versions:
v.1.0 with NT 3.1, NT 3.5 with the v.1, announced in mid-1993, NT 3.51 (NT 3.51) with the v.2 declared in late 1994 (mid-1995) and NT 4 (in the middle of 1996) (OS version) 4 is occasionally referred to as NTFS 4.0) by Windows 2000 (NTFS V5.0) v.3.0 Windows XP (Ottoman 2001; NTFS V5.1), Windows Server 2003 (Autumn 2003; Occasional NTFS V5.2), Windows Vista (in mid-2005) (Occasional NTFS V6.0) and Windows Server 2008 V 3.1
v1.0 and v1.1 (and newer) are not compatible: those volumes are written by NT 3.5 X and as long as the NT 3.5 x CD NT 3.1, which also supports the fat longevity name, is not implemented until NT 3.1 Not readable v1.2 supports compressed files, which have streams named ACL based security, etc. v3.0 added disk quota, encryption, sporadic files, reparse points, updated sequence number (USN) journaling, expanded folder and its files and reconstructed security descriptors, so many files that have the same security setting are identical to Share with descriptor V 3.1 Extended Master File Table (NFT) Entries with a Nutshell NFT Number (useful to recover damaged NFT files).
Windows Vista put the Transactional NTFS, NTFS Symbolic Link, Partition Shrinking and Self-Healing Personality Market, while these properties have more properties than the file system in the extra operations of the operating system.
Properties
NTFS v3.0 includes several new features compared to its earlier versions: touching files, disk file support, disk usage quatos, repairs points, distributed link tracking, and file-level encryption, which is known as encryption file system (EFS).
USN Journal
The USN Journal is a system management property, which displays huge changes to files, steams, and directories on all volumes, as well as its various contributions and safety settings. For the guarantee of internal complex data structures, it is a crucial function of NTFS (the property that does not provide FAT / FAT32) (volume algorithm bitmap or data rotation is significantly improved by defragmentation APIs, MFTs, Upgrades in records such as MFT Various Variable-Length Contributions, or Shared Security Discs Updates to PCs and boot sectors and their local mirrors where the volume has been stored, USN transactions have been conducted at the end) and indices (for directory and security descriptors) will continue to fall short of the system and when the volumes rise This will allow uninterrupted changes in crucial data structures to be withdrawn. In the later version of Windows, the USN Journal had extended its expansion to other types of operating systems on other parts of the NTFS filesystem, such as Copy of Right Semantics or VSS Shadow Copy of Transactional and Distributed FilesSystems (see below). .
Hard disk and short filenames
Originally supporting the POSIX subsystem in Windows NT, hard diskirectory is similar to junction but used for files instead of directories. Hard links can only be applied to files on similar volumes, because an additional filename has been added to MFT records of files. The short (8.3) file names that do not have separate directory entries are applied as additional filename records.
Alternative (Alternate) Data Streams (ADS)
Filename format filename: Using streamname (e.g., text.txt: extrastream m) provides more than one data stream associated with filename, alternate data streams. Alternate streams are not listed on Windows Explorer and their size is not included in file size. Only main file stream is visible when connected to an email or copied to a network share or fat-formatted USB drive that is uploaded to a website. As a result, using alternative streams for complex data can be a problem. Malware has used alternate data streams to hide its code; Some Malware Scanners and other special tools now check data in Alternate streams.
Extremely small ADSs are also added to Internet Explorer (and now also in other browsers) to mark downloaded files from external sites: They may be unsuitable to run locally, and the local shell will need support without opening the user. When a user indicates that he is no longer on the confirmation dialogue, this ADS is simply put down from the MFT entry for download files. Some media players tried to use the ADS to store custom metadata in media files for the purpose of organizing collections without modifying the effective data list in their way (using embedded tags when they are supported by a media file format, such as MPEG and OGG containers). Was; This metadata can be seen in Windows Explorer as an additional information column using the registered Windows Shell extension, which it can subdue, but most media players prefer to use their own database for the storage of this information. (Especially because the ADS clearly sets the security settings Instead, all of these files are visible to users and depending on the user's choice Have a fixed value).
Sparse files
Sparse files are files that have touch data sets, data that includes mostly zeros. Database applications eg As often uses touching files. Due to this, Microsoft has implemented support for the collection of touch files by applying the application to specify an empty (zero) data area. An application that reads the touching file in normal circumstances, when the file system calculates what data should be returned based on file offset. As well as compressed files, the actual size of touching files is not taken into account when determining quota limits.
File compression
NTFS compresses files using the type of LZ77 algorithm (also used in popular ZIP file format). Even though read-write access is transparent in compressed files, Microsoft server avoids compression on the server and / or distributes network roaming profiles in the hold because it puts significant load on the processor.
Single user systems with limited hard disk space will probably use NTFS compression successfully. [23] The very slow link in the computer is not a CPU but a speed of hard drive, so NTFS compression can be limited, slow storage space, which can be used better by space and (often) speed. NTFS compression also acts as a replacement for touch files when programmatic downloading (eg download manager) is not capable of creating files without listing like touch files. Volume Shadow Copy
Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) records the historical versions and folders of files on NTFS volumes, replacing them with new data on the old, shadow copy (copy-on-right). When a user requests to return to the previous version, the old file data will be overwritten. It currently helps the data backup program to archive files that are in use by the file system. On heavier loaded systems, Microsoft recommends setting up a shadow copy on a separate disk. For continuous improvement in case of system closure, VSS uses the USN Journal to give a distinctive shape to local transactions, and when the NTFS volume is rebooted when the system restarts or a newer version is completely removed before upgrading files If not recorded, then the system files are effectively executed when the old version is rollbacked safely (See below). To achieve continuous system impact in back-ups, backups can be used to ensure that older versions remain accessible at the time of backup operation.
Transactional NTFS
According to Windows Vista, application can use transactional NTFS to collectively make changes in files in the transaction. This transaction ensures that all changes are made or none of them occur, and there is certainly no change in the transaction until it is out of the transaction There will be no change in the application guarantee. Overwriting data can be safely withdrawn and the UFS journaling log or whatever has happened but not fully implemented (to be closed in case of a system shutdown), to mark the transaction that has not yet been done. For those techniques, the volume is used for shadow copies (i.e., copy on right), they use similar techniques. However, in a transactionable enabled filesystem, it can be temporarily used for all other files needed for a partition to be broken, unless the transaction is done.
Copy on Right Technique Jock has been improved to prevent creation of fragmentation in the efficient rollback and possibly the creation of fragmentation in many files: On an old date, an immediate overton can not be done, but is kept as it is (especially when continuous reading in his own transaction For now it has been locked by someone); In that case, new unmodified data is kept in the temporary shadow (rather than copying old data), when the transaction is done by the writer, it will be implemented using the usual VSS copy on write. In addition, this temporary shadow for new data, which has been seen by participating processes and has its own unlimited data, is not necessarily written on the disk, but only kept in memory or For the rest of the work has been erased. Transaction NTFS is not limited to local NTFS only, but operations in other transactional data or other locations such as data stored in different volumes, local registry or SQL database or system or existing services of system services or remote services.
The Distributed Transactions Coordinator (DTC) guarantees that all the persons will receive the same commit state and not carry forward the changes approved by the other person (so others are old), the network is integrated with all the persons who use this particular transaction. Can invalidate their local locations for data or unmounting them going forward Can pull up the improvements). Transactional NTFS, e.g. As such, network w allow creation of continuous distributed file systems, including their local location or offline locations.
Encrypting File System (EFS)
EFS provides strong user transparency encryption of any file or folder on NTFS volumes. Works with EFS EFS Service, Microsoft's CryptApi (API) and EFS File System Run Time Library (FSRTL). EFS converts a file with a huge systematric key (encryption key) (also known as file encryption key or FEK), which is used because it takes some time to converge into code language and if an asymmetric key If utopian is used then it puts huge data in common language. After using the cipher key or filename, the file is encrypted by the public key, which is associated with the encrypting user, and this encrypted data is stored in the encrypted file's optional data system. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the user's private key to decrypt the simitrack key stored in the file header. He then uses the simit key to decrypt the file. Since this file is being transmitted at system level, it is transparent to the user. Also, when the user fails to access their key, the EFS system has been supported for additional decryption keys, so that recovery agent can still access the file if needed. Encryption and compression provided by NTFS are intrinsically exclusive - NTFS can be used for one and third party tools for others. EFS support is not available in Windows Basic, Home, and MediaCensor versions and can be activated after installing Windows Professional, Ultimate and Server Versions or using Enterprise Deployment Tools in Windows Domains.
Quatos
An introduction to disk quota was given in NTFS v3. Allows computer administrators to run Windows versions that support NTFS to determine the threshold of disk space that the user is using. It also gives the administrator the ability to monitor how much space each user uses. Before the user receives a warning, the administrator can decide the level of disk space for which the user is supposed to use, and when a user touches its upper surface or denies access to it. Disk quota does not take into account NTFS's transparent file compression, it should be enabled. Those who interact with numerous free-space applications will also see the free space they have in the space allocated to them. Disk quota support is not available in Windows Basic, Home, and MediaCensor versions and can be activated after installation of Professional, Ultimate and Server Versions of Windows or by using Enterprise Deployment Tool in Windows Domains.
Repairs points
The introduction of this property was given in NTFS v3. All of these can be used with the help of a reparse tag in the user space attribute of the file or directory. When an object manager (sees the Windows NT line executive) analyzes the lookup named file system and searches for the reasons for the reporter, it reports the lookup name, the user's control The repair passes the data to every filename system filter in Windows 2000 Have come in. Each filter driver checks the reporter data to see if it is associated with the repairs point and if the filter driver decides the match, then the file system will dissolve the call and execute its special operation. Reparse points are used to apply volume mount points, directory junctions, heirarchical storage management, native structured storage, single-instrument storage and symbolic links.
After a volume increases in the top of the existing directory of other volumes, the list previously listed in that directory disappears and changes through the list of the original directory of the increased volumes. The other volumes can still have their own drive letter assigned separately. Filesystems do not allow volumes to interact with each other. Volume mount points can be continued (automatic rebooted after system reboot)) or can not be held. Mounted volumes may also use other filesystems other than NTFS, perhaps it may also be remote shared directories, which may possibly have its own security settings, and may also be remapping of access rights according to the remote filesystem policy.
Directory junctions
Similar to volume mount points, however, directory junctions refer to other directories in the file system as well as other volumes. Eg As such, the directory with the C: \ exampledir directory junction shows that it contains the link: d: \ linkeddir, which automatically refers to d: \ linkdir when accessed by user mode. This function is conceptually similar to symbolic links in Unix-based directories, except that the targets in NTFS will remain the same as another directory (the special Unix file system provides the target of the symbolic link with any type of file type) and the hardlink cementics (Assuming the system) (that is, when it is formed immediately, On the basis of which it should be resolved).
Directory attachments (whose formation can be formed with command MKLINK / J junctionName targetDirectory and can be removed with the RMDIR junctionName from the console prompt), and are resolved by server server because of sharing the same security topic to the local system or domain, The original volumes are on the rise and there are similar security settings for the list of target directories; However the junction can have clear security settings. Deleting a directory junction connection does not delete the files in the target directory.
Note: Windows XP has some default directory junctions installed in Windows Vista for compatibility with previous versions of Windows, such as Documents and Settings in the root directory of the system drive, which is connected to the user's physical directory in the same directory of the same volume. However by default it is a heap, and Their security settings are arranged, so in the Windows Explorer shell or so In most applications, except the local built system or local administrators group (both user account systems are accessed by software installers) will not open them. These additional security controls may have prevented users from finding the duplicate files in the connected directory and have deleted them in error, since the semantics of the directory junction are not similar to the hardlinks: Reference calculation is not used on the target list but also on the referenced container.
Directory junctions are a soft link (even if the target directory is removed), which acts as a limited form of symbolic links (with additional control over the target location), but it is an optimized version, with a repairs point with which It is implemented by a new NTFS symbolic link providing a quick process at a lower cost, and its solution to the server Be (when it is found in remote shared directories).
Symbolic links
Symbolic links (or soft links) were placed in Windows Vista. Symbolic links are resolved towards the customer. So when a symbolic link is shared, the target remains on the customer's access control and not on the server. Symbolic links are created on either Files (MkLINK symLink targetFilename), or must be provided with the directories (MKLINK / D symLinkD targetDirectory), but with a link created by the semantic link. Although the target does not have to exist, or it is not necessary to exist when the symbolic link is created: when the symbolic link can be accessed and the target for availability will be verified by NTFS even if it has the correct type of verification Will (file or directory); If the current target is in the wrong type, it will return to the Not Found Folder.
It can specify shared directories or files and subdirectories in remote directories on the remote host: Their targets are not mounted immediately at boots, but they are mounted temporarily to demand opening with OpenFile () or Creative File () APIs. Their definition resides on NTFS volumes where it is formed (Commmical links can be removed using a command symLink using the command line or prompt.
Single Instance Storage (SIS)
When a server is in the directory it is different, but similar files, some of these files may have an identifiable list. Single-instance storage allows identifiable files to be stored in a file and refers to the references for the merged file. SIS includes a file system filter, which handles copy, modification and merging files; And a user space service (or grover) that is recognizable and searches for files that require merging. SIS was created primarily for remote installation server because it has numerous installation images which have numerous identifiable files; SIS allows it to become stronger, but it does not include examples such as hard links, each file is different; The change in one copy of the file will allow them to keep the same. It's like copy on right, which is a technique, by which a copy of memory is not copied until one copy is modified.
Heritage Storage Management (HSM)
Heritable storage management means that files which are not used for a period of time spent in low-cost storage media. When the file is accessed in the repairs point on that file then it establishes that it was necessary and received it from the storage.
Native Structured Storage (NSS)
NSS is an ActiveX document storage technology that has been dropped by Microsoft. It allowed the ActiveX document to be stored in the same multi-stream format as the ActiveX used internally. The NSS file system filter was loaded and multiple streams of applications were used for transparency processing and when files were transferred to non-NTFS formatted disk volumes, they would also transfer many streams into single stream.
Intercultural ability
Details of implementation internality have not been published, which makes it difficult for a third party to provide tools to the NTFS management of vendors.
Linux
The ability to read and write on NTFS is provided by the NTFS-3G driver. It has been included in the majority of Linux distributions. Other old and mostly read-only solutions exist only. :
Linux kernel 2.2: Kernel versions 2.2.0 and later included the ability to read NTFS partitions. Linux kernel 2.6: Kernel versions 2.6.0 and later included a driver written by Anton Altaparmkov (University of Cambridge) and Richard Rason. It provides support for read, white, and resize files. NTFS Mount: Read / Write Userspace Driver. It provides read-write access to NTFS, which does not include writing compressed and encrypted files, file ownership changes and access rights. NTFS for Linux: A commercial driver with full read / write support is available by Paragon. Captive NTFS: Wrapping Driver, Windows's Own Driver, ntfs.sys
Remember that all three user-space drivers, whose name is NTFS Mount, NTFS-3G and Captive NTFS, have been placed in FileSystem In Userspace (FUSE), as well as to save and retrieve data. The Linux kernel module has been linked to the Userspace and the Kernel code. Most of the drivers listed above (except for Paragon NTFS) are open source (GPL) for Linux. Due to the complexity of internal NTFS, both have been replaced with 2.6.14 kernel driver and FUSE drivers, which do not allow modifications to stop decay in unsafe volumes.
Mac OS X
Read only support for Mac OS XW 10.3 and later NTFS formatted partitions. GPL-licensed NTFS-3G works on Mac OS X through FUSE and provides readings and writing support for NTFS partitions. One-Page Solution for Mac OS X with Reed / Write Access is Paragon NTFS for Mac OS X. NTFS Right Support was detected in Mac OS X 10.6, because the hacks were available to carry the functionality did not apply to the version.
Microsoft Windows
While the various NTFS versions were mostly full-forwards and backwards-compatable, the old versions of Microsoft Windows were technical considerations for the mounting of new NTFS volumes. It affects dual beating and external portable hard drives. Eg As such, attempting an NTFS partition on an operating system with previous versions (AAA Volume Shadow Copy) does not support it, and it will result in a list of previous versions that are currently lost.
Other
Ecommerce, Colbybios, and FreeBSD offer read only ONLY NTFS support (Beta NTFS driver has granted write / delete permissions for ecommerce, but it is generally considered to be unsecured). A free third-party tool for BOS, which is based on NTFS-3G, provides full NTFS read and write support. NTFS also works on Mac OS X, Free BSD, NetBSD, Solaris and Haiku through FusSE in addition to 3G Linux. Free MS-DOS for a read / write driver, also known as ATFS 4DOS, for personal use also exists.
Compatibility with Fat
Microsoft currently provides a tool to transform (convert.exe) HPFS (only on Windows NT3), FAT16 and, Windows 2000 and above, from FAT32 to NTFS, but not on any other way. Various third-party tools are able to safely resize NTFS partitions. Microsoft has added the ability to expand or minimize a partition with Windows Vista, but the ability to limit the ability to decrease the partition is limited, because the page file fragmentation or files that have not been installed can not be relocated, thus reducing the partition. If you use a third-party tool for rebooting or defragment without a paypal file, File can not be undone if it is a file that can mitigate the situation.
For historical reasons, windows versions of NTFS that do not support NTFS do all the time internally to keep local time and therefore, for all file systems other than NTFS supported by existing Windows versions. However, WinOS NT and its earlier software keep the internal timestamps as UTC and converts properly for display purpose. Therefore, NTFS timestamps are in UTC. That means when the files are copied. When the NTFS and NTFS partitions are switched between, the OS needs to be timestamp conversion on the fly. But if some files are rotated when there is daylight saving time (DST) effect and other files are rotated when there is a standard time, there is some uncertainty in the conversion. As a result, shortly after a day of change in local time zone, users will be able to see that some files have timestamps, which have been worse than an hour or so. Because of the difference in DST implementation between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, it can lead to potential time error in any 12 month period.
Internal (internal parts)
In NTFS, all file data file names, creations date, access permissions, and lists are stored as metadata in the master file table. This exclusive process allows easy addition of file system during the development of Vintose NT - an interesting example of this is the addition of an indexing field used by Active Directory software. NTFS provides 16-bit (file name, stream name, index name etc.) for name encoding. This means that UTF-16 codepoints have received support, but the file system UTF-16 is valid Why does not check it. (It provides any range of low-value, but not limited to Unicode standard).
Internally, NTFS uses the B + tree to index file system data. Despite being difficult to implement, it provides quick time lookup time in most cases. File system journal is used to guarantee the reliability of file system metadata, not for individual files list. Systems consuming NTFS are known for having improved reliability in the fat file system.
Master file table (MFT) includes metadata, which includes every file, directory and metafile on NTFS volumes. It includes files, locations, sizes and approvals. Its structure supports algorithm, which minimizes disk fragmentation. Directory entry consists of filememes and file IDs, which is the file that displays the highest number in the master file table. File IDs also have a rescue count to capture stolen references. While this is strongly related to Files-11's W_FID, other NTFS structures are radically different.
Metafiles
NTFS includes various files, which define and configure the file system. In most cases, most of these files have been composed like other user files (volumes are extremely popular), but the file system does not directly interest on the client. These metafiles determine files, back up the critical file system data, modify buffer file system, manage empty space, satisfy bio-hopes, follow bed allocation units, and store safety and disk space usage information. All listings are in the untitled data stream unless another item is indicated.
These metafiles are typically handled by Windows and are hard to see directly: Special Purpose Built Tools are required.
MFT records, contributions and streams record.
Each file (or directory) has been described in the MFT record, the linear repository of the streamer descriptor (its name is also attributes), packed with different length records (also called attributes list), each MFT ( MFT) with a fixed 1 KB size of the record filled with additional items and it fully describes the effective streams associated with that file. Sector.
An additional stream (or attribute) is of a type (Only the fixed size indigenously in a consolidated descriptor, but mostly in FileOpen () or FileCreate () API calls used in the application using the same symbolic name) The only alternate stream name ( Completely unrelated to the effective filename), additionally the optional associated data for the stream. NTFS, files Or standard data for index data is used as alternative data streams or other data for standard attributes. It's just an attributes which have been stored in one or different attributes list.
For each file described in the MFT record (or in the non-resident repository of stream drivers, see below), stream descriptors are known to their (stream type value, stream name), which should be unique. In addition, NTFS has some mandatory terms for these descriptors. There is a stream type already defined, which is used for the file at the end of the list of stream descriptors in the streams repository. Every stream repository should be represented as the last stream descriptor (after all ignoring it, all other storage space becomes available and the inclusion of bytes to match the cluster size record size in MFT or non-residential smertimes repository). Some stream types must be present and present in each MFT record, except the unused records directed by the stream with the streamed type of cancellation. This is the case for standard attributes, which are stored as a fixed size record and include timestamps and other basic single bit attributes. (Compatible with DOS or FAT / FAT32 in Windows 95/98 applications). Some stream types may not have a name and they have to be synonymous.
This is the case of standard attributes or selective NTFS filename type streams, when it is also available (compatible with applications like DOS, see below). Only having the short name is also possible for a file, in which case its preference in Windows Explorer As will be. The filename stored in the streams repository does not immediately make the file accessible through the hierarchical filesystem. In fact, all file names should be indexed separately in the same volume, with its own MTF and at least one separate directory with its own secure descriptors and attributes, which will make it a reference to MFT entry for that file. It allows hard-linking of similar files or directories at different times from different containers at the same volume, possibly with a specified file name. The default data stream of the regular file is a $ data type stream, but with the synonym name and the same ADS but its name must be. In contrast, the default data stream of directorship has a clear type, but not synonyms: it has a stream name ($ I30 in NTFS 3+) which reflects its sequential form. Resident vs. Non-Resident Data Streams
In order to maximize storage and to reduce I / O for the case of common streams with extremely small associated data, this data is chosen to be stored in the NTFS stream descriptor (same as the stream descriptor size MFT record or in the entry of a non-resident repository. MFT entry space to create a list of clusters containing data, see below). Rather than using questionnaires; In that case, the stream descriptor will not store the data directly, but will actually store the data based only allocation map stored on the volume. While stream data can be accessed directly in the stream descriptor, it is called resident data by computer forensics workers. The number of fittest data is based on the features of the file, but 700 to 800 bytes are not as long as common in single-stream files with no filenames and ACLs.
Some stream descriptors (such as preferred filenames, basic file attributes, or main allocation maps for each non-resident stream) can not be made non-resident. NTFS encrypted by sparse data streams or compressed data streams can not be made non-resident. The formation of the allocation map for non-resident streams depends on its ability to touch data storage. In the current implementation of NTFS, once non-resident stream data is being marked and converted as a touch, it can not be converted to non-touchable data, therefore, the data is not completely cut off by not fully considering the elation map. Until it comes, it does not become resident again. While non-resident data streams are highly fragmented, their effective allocation map does not fit perfectly into MFT records, as a non-resident stream with a small space stream with an allocation map, a non-resident allocation map of non-resident data stream, an inward allocation map Can also be stored. While there are numerous streams for a file (including ADS, Extended Attributes, or Safety descriptors), its descriptors can not fit fits into Amphitie records, non-resident streams can also be used for non-resident streams to store additional repositories for non-resident streams (except for few Small streams that can not be non-residents), used in MFT records Except for the similarity of MFC record space, but using the same format.
The NTFS filesystem driver will sometimes try to relocate some of these non-resident streams in the streams repository, and relate the stream descriptors stored in non-resident repositories in the MFS record streams repository based on the priorities and selective ordering rules and conditions of the terms. As residential files do not directly capture clusters (allocation units), it is possible for volume to contain more files on NTFS volumes than files on clusters. Eg As with, 80 GB (74.5 GB) partition with NTFS version of 1, 19,543,064 clusters of 4 KiB. Substranding system files (64 MiB log files, 2,442,888-byte $ bitmap files, and about 25 clusters of fixed overheads) keep 19,526,158 clusters free for files and indices. Since the four MFT records per cluster, this volume would have practically had approximately 4 × 19,526,158 = 78,104,632 resident files.
Limitations
NTFS has some of the following limitations:
Reserved File Name The file system, up to 32,767 Unicode characters, provides a lengthy support of up to 255 characters, each path component (directory or filename), some names can not be used, as NTFS can not use its metadata regularly (Hayden or most) Even though not accessible) in the file; Similarly, user files can not use these names. These files are in the root directory of the volume (and are reserved for that directory only). These names are: $ MFT, $ MFTM $, $ logfile, $ volume, $ attardiff,. (Dot), $ bitmap, $ boots, $ badclass, $ secure, $ upcount, and $ extend; (Dot) and $ extends are both directories; While there are other files. In most volume-size theory, the maximum NTFS volume size is 2-1 clusters. However, the implementation of Windows XP Professional has the maximum NTFS volume size of 2-1 clusters. Eg As with 64 KBCluststers, the maximum NTFS volume size is 256 TiB less than 64KIB. The maximum NTFS volume size using 4KiB's default cluster size is 16 TiB minus 4KiB. Both of these are much higher than the 128 GIs extended in Windows XP SP1.) Since the partition table (MBR) records on the master boots Only support up to 2 TiB size, Dynamic or GPT volumes are used in more than 2 TiBootable NTFS volumes Must be prepared for the creation. Maximum file size Theoretical: 16 EiB minus 1 KiB (2 - 2 or 18,446,744,073,709,550,592 bytes). Implementation: 16 TiB Less 64KiB (2 - 2 or 17,592,185,978,880 Bytes) Optional Data Streams Windows System Calls may or may not handle alternate data streams. Depending on the operating system, utility or remote file system, file transfer may seize data streams secretly. The safest way to copy or remove files is to use backup raid and back-up system calls, which allow the program to calculate the streams, determine whether each stream will write on the destination volume and skip knowing the faulty streams. Maximum path length The full pathway can be up to 32,767 kilometers long; The relative path is limited to 255 characters. In bad case it means that there is a depth of more than 128 directories, but this limit plays a very small part in practice. Like the date range Windows NT considers, NTFS counts the same time. The range of 64-bit timestamps ranges from January 1, 1601 to May 28, 60056 seconds to 10 million (with 10 ticker resolution) (i.e. 100 nosacondas per tick). Although in practice, system clock does not provide this kind of precision and the best precision available is available (especially 10 milliseconds except for additional hardware support for better system clock). In addition, not every timestamp has this precision: standard (compatable with DOS and Windows 95/98 / ME applications), the design level is very low and the last access date (if it was not incompatible with system registry settings) would be immediately displayed in the file system And not the big breaks are rotating. The lack of futility does not keep backups of NTFS MFT files that include reference to any file stored on the partition. Not all data can be retrieved if MFT is damaged due to poor performance. Backup data from this MFT mirror does not contain all the entries of the ATT, it will not be possible to use it to recover important data. Developers
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