Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American businessman, businessman, entrepreneur and big philanthropist.

Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, who migrated to the United States with her parents as a child. His first job was as a factory worker in a bobbin factory in the United States. Later they became Bill Logger for the company's owner. Soon afterwards, he became a messenger boy. Eventually he made progress to the ranking of telegraph company. He set up Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which later became Albert H. Gary's Federal Steel Company and the US with various small companies To compile the steel was mixed. He made Carnegie Hall with the luck he had with the business with others, after which he had changed into a donor organization and was interested in education and institutions like Carnegie Corporation of New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Carnegie Mellon University and Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh was founded.

Carnegie donated most of his money to pension funding for the establishment of libraries, schools and universities in America, the United Kingdom and other countries and for the former employees. Many times John D. Rockefeller is considered to be the second richest person in history after. Carnegie started as a telegrapor and by 1860 he had investments in railroads, railroad slipping cars, bridges and oil derricks. He also gained fame as a bond salesman and collected money for anaerican enterprise in Europe.

He earned most of his fortune in the steel industry. In 1870 he founded Carnegie Steel Company, this step strengthened his name as one of many Captains of Industry. By 1890 the company became gigantic and emerged as an industrial enterprise with great profits in the world. Carnegie gave it to the US in 1901. J.P. who created the steel Morgan sold it for $ 480 million. Carnegie devoted his remaining life to a large philanthropic institution, with special emphasis on local libraries, global peace, education, and scientific research. His life is often regarded as a true rags to riches story.

Andrew Carnegie was born in a strange weaver cottage in Dunfermline, Scotland, in which there was a single main room, which included a basement in the upper half, in which the neighborhood weaver was in part with the family. The main room was used as living room, dining room and bedroom. His name was named after his foster grandfather. In 1836, following the demand of a heavy Damascus, his family moved to a large house in Edgar Street (opposite Reids Park), which benefited his father, William Carnegie. His uncle, George Lauder, whom he calls Dod, turned him against Robert Burns and the writings of historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the Bruce, William Wallace and Rob Roy. Coming in hard times as a handloom weavers, William Carnegie, who had been starving in the country, had planned to shift to Allegheny, Pennsylvania in the United States in 1848 with his family for future prospects. Andrew's family had to borrow money to move. Allegheny was a very poor area. His first job was as a Bobin Boy in 1848, he used to change coconut in the cotton mill for 12 hours a day and six days a week. His boots were $ 2.00 per week. Andrew's father, William Carnegie, started operations in the cotton mill, but later he earned money from knitting and linen linens. His mother, Margaret Morrison Carnegie, made money by building shoes.

Carnegie's 16 years, with brother Thomas
In 1850, Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy with a salary of $ 2.00 a week in the Ohio Telegraph Company because of his uncle's recommendation. His new Job gave numerous advantages with free admission to the local theater. Due to this, he commended Shakespeare's work. He was a hard worker and remembered all the Pittsburgh businesses and the faces of important people. In this direction he had made many connections. In addition, he also kept a watch on telegraph instruments (he could translate the telegraph click before appearing on the printed tape) and was promoted as an operator in the same year.

Colonel James Anderson, who had the personal library of Carnegie's education and reading, opened a personal library of 400 volumes every Saturday for working boys, received huge help from them. Carnegie was constantly demanding a borrowing and was himself a high achiever in both terms of economic development and his intellectual ability and cultural development. Their abilities, their willingness to work, their constant determination and their alertness created the next opportunities. At the workplace, Carnegie quickly taught himself to separate the different texts signals coming towards the inside and learned to survive without writing signals by ears.

Thomas A of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, launched in 1853. Scott Carnegie worked as a secretary / telegraph operator with a weekly salary of $ 4.00. At the age of 18, he started fast advancing through the company and he became the Superintendent of Pittsburgh Division. His work with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company played a major role in his later success. Railroad was the first major business in America and Pennsylvania was the largest of them. Carnegie learned a lot about administration and cost control in these years and was especially well learned from Scott.

He also helped them with their first investments. Some of these were part of the corruption and corruption carried out by Scott and Pennsylvania's President J. Edgar Thompson, among which companies employed by railroads included payments made by contracted parties as part of the items provided to compensate for losses, such as David Naso Writes. In 1855, Scott made an investment of $ 500 for Carnegie in the Adams Express, which made a contract with Pennsylvania to move its messengers. The money was safe because of his mother's pledge that her family had pledged $ 500 to $ 700, but the opportunity was only available, because Carnegie's relationship with Scott was intensive. A few years later, Woodruff's slipping car got few shares in the company, in exchange for holding shares, Woodruff paid Scott and Thomps as payment. In this type of internal investment, their returns were reinforced in railroad-related industries: (iron, bridges, and rail), Carnegie gradually increased the capital, which is the foundation of their success. In his later life, he used Thomson and Scott's close connections, because he founded a business that provided railroads and bridges to the railroad, and propose a share of two people in his adventures.

1860-1865: The Civil War
Prior to the Civil War, Carnegie arranged merger with Woodruff's company and George M. Pullman, the inventor of the slipping car, to provide 500 miles (800 km) of first-class travel to business travel at a distance. This investment was extremely successful and sources of profit for Woodruff and Carnegie were proven. Young Carnegie continued to work for Tom Scott of Pennsylvania and made various improvements to the service.

Prior to that he was the Assistant Secretary of War Incharge of Military Traffic, and later he was appointed by Carnegie Scott in the 1861 Helmand as Military Superintendent of Military Railways and the Central Government Telegraph Lines. Carnegie helped open rail lines in Washington, DC, which the rebels had cut; Following the defeat of the union forces at Bull Run, Washington D.C. Traveled locomotives dragging the first brigade of the union troops to reach out, and personally inspected the lost forces of transportation. Telegraph service provided an efficient service to the union under his organization and helped considerably in the final victory. Carnegie later joked that he was the first to die in battle because of the target on his cheek, releasing bounded telegraph wires.

Due to defeat of the Union, railways (and telegraph lines) were needed to deliver large commodities and goods to the masses. The war has shown how the industries were an integral part of American success.

In 1864, Carnegie invested $ 40,000 in Story Farm on Oil Creek in Vanago County, Pennsylvania. In one year, Pharma made $ 1,000,000 in cash dividends, and it was sold with profits from the oil wells on the property. Iron goods such as Ray Gunbot's armor, cannon and shells, as well as hundreds of other products made Pittsburgh the production time manufacturing center. Carnegie worked together to establish steel rolling mill and steel production, and control of the industry proved to be the source of their fortune. Before the Carnegie War, there was some investment in the iron industry.

After the war, Carnegie left Railroad to dedicate all his powers to the iron business. Carnegie worked to develop various iron works and eventually founded The Bridgestone Works and Union Ironworks in Pittsburgh. Though he left the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, he was closely linked with his management, in whose names Thomas A. Scott and J. Edgar Thomson is included. He used his connection with two people to acquire contracts for the production of his Keystone Breed Company and his Ironworks. He also gave a stake to Scott and Thomson, and Pennsylvania was his best customer. When he raised his first steel plant, he indicated the name behind Thomson's name. With the understanding of good business, Carnegie also had joy and literacy knowledge. He was invited to many social events - Carnegie abused these occasions for his benefit.

Carnegie, circa 1878
Carnegie believed in making his fortune at the expense of others and did more than make money. He wrote:



1880-1900: scholar and activist
Carnegie continued his professional career; Some of his literary intentions were fulfilled. He became friend of English poet Matthew Arnold and English philosopher Herbert Spencer, as well as most of the U.S. Corresponded with Presidents, state officials and famous writers and kept acquaintances.

Carnegie built a spacious bathroom in Dunfermline in 1879 for his native people. The following year Carnegie gave $ 40,000 to establish the library in Dunfermline. In 1884, he gave the Bellevue Hospital Medical College (now part of the New York University Medical Center) for the establishment of a Tactical Science Laboratory, now called the Carnegie Laboratory.

In 1881, Carnegie took his family, including his 70-year-old mother, on a trip to the United Kingdom. They traveled to Scotland with the coach and enjoyed various receptions coming out on the way. Carnegie, who donated money to the Carnegie Library, embarked on his mother and won a triumph for him to return to Dunfermline. Carnegie did not like the criticism made by the British Society; But in contrast, one of Carnegie's many aspirations was that it was the role of catalyst between English-speaking people. In the beginning of 1880, he bought numerous newspapers in England, all of whom favored the collapse of the monarchy and the British Republic. Carnegie's enthusiasm was supported by his huge fortune, which means he had numerous British friends, including Prime Minister William Evert Gladstone.

In 1886 Andrew Carnegie's younger brother Thomas died at the age of 43. However, success in business continued. With the ownership of steel works, Carnegie bought the most valuable iron ore fields around Lake Superior. In that same year Carnegie became a controversial figure. After his tour of the UK, he wrote about his experiences in a book entitled An American Four-in-Hand in Britain. Despite being actively involved in running numerous businesses, Carnegie was becoming a regular contributor to countless magazines, including the North American Review, headed by the famous Knightenth Century editor of James Knowles and editor Lloyd Bris.

In 1886, Carnegie described the highly rehabilitated work from today to titled Triumphant Democracy. His book, using liberally using statistical arguments, argues with his viewpoint that the American Republican government is a system that was supreme in the British monarchy. He has presented a very favorable and noble view of American progress and criticized the British Royal family. Its cover indicates towards the fall of the Royal crown and the broken royal. This book made a significant controversy in the UK. This book praised many Americans for their country's economic progress, and sold almost 40,000 copies in the U.S. most often.

In 1889, Carnegie published Wealth in the June issue of the North American Review. After reading it, Gladstone requested that it should be published in England, where it appeared as The Gospel of Wealth in the Pal Mall Gazette. That article became a topic of great debate. Carnegie argued that the wealthy businessman's life should be reconciled with two parts. The first part was consolidation and wealth extra. The second part was the distribution of this property due to the philanthropic work. Donation was the key to making life better.

Carnegie was also known as a great journalist. This experience came to his life as he was constantly writing newspapers and his editors. His knowledge of newspaper reading developed with his childhood style. They were also publishing three books on travel. The title of one of them was Round the World, which he wrote during his travels to England and Scotland.

In 1898 Carnegie tried to arrange for freedom of the Philippines. When the Spanish-American War was at the end of the war, the United States purchased Filipinos from Spain for $ 20 million. In front of him, he had been seen as an imperialist on the part of the United States, Carnegie himself offered the Philippines 20 million US Dollars to buy his freedom from the United States. However, nothing was done with this action and the Philippine-American war was over.

Carnegie opposed the United States's Cuba's involvement, and in which he succeeded with many other conspirators with league against imperialism, which included scholars such as former Presidents of Gregor Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison, and Mark Twain of the United States.

Businessman 1885-1900: Empire of Steel

Carnegie made his fortune in the steel industry, having control over the vastly expanded iron and steel operations in comparison to any one person in the United States. The discovery of their two great discoveries was an efficient wholesale product of steel rails for chip and railroad lines. Another discovery was in their vertical integration of every supply of raw materials. In the late 1880's, Carnegie Steel was the world's largest producer of pig iron, steel rails, and coke in the world, with a daily capacity of about 2,000 tons of pig metal production. In 1888, Carnegie bought its competitor Homestead Steel Works, which included state-owned coal and iron fields, 425 miles (685 km) long railroad and an extended plant under the line of Lake Stamships. Carnegie collected the assets of himself and his peers in 1892 with the start of Carnegie Steel Company.

By 1889, US steel production exceeded the UK and Carnegie owned most of it. Carnegie Empire was developed in which Edgarothamson Steel Works, (behind Carnegie's former Saheb and Pennsylvania Edel's Thomson's name), Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, Lucky Furnace, Union Iron Mills, Union Mill (Wilson, Walker and County), Keystone Bridge Works, Hartmann Steel Works, Frick Coke Company and Scotia Ore Mines. Carnegie is the landmark company for which and through the Keystone, Steel provided the AIDS Bridge project near Mississippi River at Louis Missouri (completed in 1874). This project was an important proof of concept for steel technology, which is witness to opening a new steel market.

1901: U.S. Steel

In 1901, Carnegie was 66 years old and was contemplating retirement. As a preparation, he upgraded his venture into traditional joint stock corporation. John Pierpont was a Morgan banker and probably was one of America's most important financial transactions. He cerned how Carnegie produced a profit. Integrated steel industry will cut costs, get customers at lower prices, generate large quantities and imagine workers' wages to increase. In this direction he needed to buy Carnegie and other major manufacturers and integrate them into a single company, so that the copy and the waste can be removed. He completed negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the United States Steel Corporation. This was the first corporation in the world to have a market capitalization of more than $ 1 billion.

Charles M. Schwebe (not related to Charles R. Schwab) secretly made an acquisition, which was by this type of industry the largest acquisition ever made in the history of the United States. The frustration was started in the United Steel Corporation, which was managed by Morgan of the trust, and Carnegie retired from the business. His steel venture was bought at a price of 12 grams of his earnings, that is, $ 480 million (according to the value of $ 10.3 billion in 2003 - according to the Gale Virtual Library) - which was the largest private commercial deal at the time.

Carnegie's payment from the $ 225,639,000 amount was paid to him in the form of 5 percent, 50 year old gold bond. The letter indicating the sale agreement was signed on 26 February 1901. On 2 March, formal formalization of the organization and the capitalization of the United Steel Corporation ($ 4,400,000,000-4% of U.S. National Assets at the time) actually ended the deal. Robert A., Carnegie Business Secretary Robert H., from Hodgkin, New Jersey's Hudson Trust Company. Frank delivered two bonds in two weeks to the trust. Special volts were prepared to accommodate the actual form of $ 230,000,000 bonds. It was said that ... Carnegie did not want to see or touch the bonds that reflected the division of its professional career. Perhaps they fear that if they look in front of them, they will disappear like Laprechuan's Gosmer Gold. Until they are ready to sell it, stay away from New York tax assessors safely in New Jersey at Walt.

Retirement 1901-1919: Donavous Carnegie, right, James Bryce, First Viscountry Bris. Carnegie Library, Macomb, Illinois

Carnegie spent his last four years as a philanthropist. Going forward from 1901, the attention of people with a very professional understanding that Carnegie helped to make such a fortune went towards their public spirituality, which they dedicate themselves to in donation related projects. He wrote about Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889) about his views on social topics and vast wealth. Carnegie bought a Skibo Castle in Scotland and he made it a little bit of his own house and a little in New York. He then devoted his life to capitalizing on public purpose and for social and higher education purposes.

He was a powerful supporter of accentuation movement for the purpose of promoting the spread of English language.

In connection with their donation efforts, the establishment of public libraries, particularly in the United States and other English countries, was particularly prominent. Generally called Carnegie libraries were built in numerous locations. The first of them was opened in the Tanfarmline in 1883. Their method was to be built and equipped, but the local authority had a condition to provide funding for it and its management and maintenance. In 1885, he gave Pittsburgh $ 500,000 to the public library for his interest in local people, and in 1886 he gave $ 250,000 to the city of Allegheny for the music hall and library and $ 250,000 to Edinburgh for the free library. In total, Carnegie funded 3,000 libraries located in 47 U.S. states and Canada, the United Kingdom, which is now called the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, West Indies and Fiji. In addition, he gave £ 50,000 for the establishment of the University of Birmingham in 1899.

Carnegie library at Syracuse University

As Vanskyke (1991) showed, in the last years of the 19th century, the American public was shown acceptance of the idea that free libraries should be made available. But the formation of the library free of thought was becoming a long-term topic and the debate was fiercely. On the other hand, the library profession demanded a design that is supportive in governance and management; On the other hand, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that promote charity and civilian pride. In the middle of 1886 and 1917, Carnegie made amendments to both library philanthropy and library design, both of which encouraged further coexistence.

The Broom County Public Library in New York was opened in October 1904. Originally called the Binghamton Public Library, the library was created with a gift of $ 75,000 of Andrew Carnegie. The building was designed to provide both public library and Community Center purpose.

He gave $ 2 million in 1901 to start the Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) in Pittsburgh, and the same amount was spent in 1902 in Washington, D.C. At the Carnegie Institution was given for the establishment. He later contributed more to this and other schools. CIT is now a part of Carnegie Mellon University. Carnegie served on Cornell University's board.

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Andrew Carnegie emerged as a generous donor in George Eli Hale in 1911, who tried to create a 100-inch (2.5 M) hooker telescope at Mount Wilson, and then donated an additional $ 10 million to the Carnegie Institution with the following suggestions for starting the telescope. Was: I hope the work at Mount Wilson will be carried forward by class because I am so anxious to hear the results from promising. I would like to get satisfaction before going, as if we are going to repay some of the old land previously renovated debt on the new land. The telescope saw the first light on 2 November 1917, with which Carnegie is still living.

He gave 10 million dollars in 1901 to the establishment of the Carnegie Trust for the University of Scotland in Scotland, he was created by an agreement on which he signed on June 7, 1901 and it was started on 21 August 1902 by the Royal Charter. 10 million dollars for trust (which was considered to be a very high sum: at the time of the granting of £ 50,000 per year for the total government assistance to each of the four Scottish universities) was raised as a gift and the aim was to improve and increase opportunities for scientific research in Scottish universities. And co-educated to qualify qualified and qualified youths in the university Was to provide asylum. He then went to University of St. Andrews was elected as Lord Rector. In addition, he donated a large amount to his birthplace Dunfermline. In addition to the library, Carnegie also bought a private settlement that became Pettinkriff Park and it was opened to the public, the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust was established in the interest of the people of Dunfermline. Even today, their statue stands there. In 1913, he donated $ 10 million more to enrich Carnegie's United Kingdom Trust.

Carnegie also established a large pension fund in 1901 for Homestead employees of their past, and in 1905 founded the American College Professor. The latter fund was developed in TIAA-CREF. One crucial requirement was that church-related schools had to discontinue their religious affiliation to get money.

His hint in music led him to construct 7,000 church organs. He acquired and owned Carnegie Hall in New York City.

Carnegie of Tuskegee Institute, under Booker T. Washington, for African-American education was a big donor. He created the National Negro Business League to create Booker T. Helped Washington.

He founded the Carnegie Hero Fund for the United States and Canada in 1904 (a few years later he founded in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Germany) to identify heroic works. Carnegie contributed $ 1,500,000 in 1903 to raise a Peace Palace at The Hague; And donated $ 150,000 to the Pan-American Palace in Washington as a residence for the International Bureau of American Republics.

On 14 October 1917, at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, Carnegie was honored for his philanthropy and his support for art, by the introduction of an honorary member of Fe in Alpha Syconnya. Brotherhood's intentions reflects Carnegie's values ​​by sharing his skills to create harmony among young people in the world.

Seeing the standards of 19th century industrialists, Carnegie was not particularly a barbaric person, but he was a supporter of humanitarianism, with enough greedy people running behind the money; The general difference between his own life and the lives of many of his own workers and the poor was quite unclear. Perhaps because of his own money, he should mention what he did to get money according to Joseph Wall's comment.

Andrew Carnegie somewhat reflects the American dream concepts. They migrated from Scotland to the United States and were successful. He is not only known for his success, but also known for his numerous philanthropic works, he donated not only to charities but to promote democracy and also to bring freedom to the colonial countries.

Death Carnegie's grave site at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in North Terreton, New York. Andrew Carnegie's footstool

Due to pneumonia of bronchial disorders, Carnegie died on August 11, 1919 in Lennox, Massachusetts. He has given $ 350,695,653 ($ 4.3 billion as planned in 2005) from his fortune. At the time of his death, he gave $ 300,000,000 to foundations, charities and pensioners. He was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in North Terreton, New York. His grave location is located on Arcadia Hebron Plot at the corner of Summit Avenue and Dingle Road. Carnegie was buried just a few hundred square kilos away from Samuel Gompare, the state's governor and another important member of the industry in Gilded Edge.

Controversies 1889: Johnstown floods

Carnegie was one of the 50 members of the South Fork Phishing and Hunting Club, which has been accused of having Johnstown floods, which caused 2,209 people to die in 1889.

According to his friend Benjamin Ruf, Carnegie's partner Henry Clay Frick created a unique South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club on Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Special members of South Fork Phishing and Hunting Club included: Benjamin Ruf; T.H. Sweet; Charles J. Clarke; Thomas Clark; Walter F. Fundenburg; Howard Hartley; Henry C. Yiger; JB White; Henry Clay Freak; E.A. Myers; C.C. Hussein; D.R. Ever; C.A. Carpenter; W. L. Dunn; W. L. McClintock; And A.V. Homes.

60-Odd Club members were the leading industrialists of West Pennsylvania and their numbers were included amongst Frick's best friends, Andrew Mellon, his lawyers Philander Knox, and James Hey Reed, as well as Freix's business partner Andrew Carnegie. Situated above the city, near the small village of South Fork, South Fork Dam was originally built as a part of the canal system used as a collector for the Kennel basin in Johnstown by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the middle of 1838 and 1853. Canal naval carriage was abandoned due to the development of rail routes, which was abandoned by the Commonwealth, and it was sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad and after that it was sold again for private purposes and in the end it became a South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club in 1881. Was there. Johnstown city is less than 20 miles downstream from the dam, and the main competitor of Carnegie Steel (from which Carnegie hired steelmaking expert Bill Jones), Cambridge Iron and Steel Company, which boosted the world's largest annual steel production.

There were combined reasons for poor maintenance, decrease in height and extraordinary snow melting and heavy winter rain on 31 May 1889, which resulted in twenty millions of water, and it had flooded the valley of Johnstown. When the words of the failure of the dam were telegraphed in Pittsburgh, Frick and other members of the South Fork Phishing and Huntingian gathered to determine the Pittsburgh Relief Committee to provide support to the flood victims and publicly declare the rivalry about the club or the flood. This strategy was successful and succeeded in failing to blame claims of Knox and Reid Club members.

Cambria iron and steel facilities were heavily damaged by flooding, which returned to its full production in the 18th year. But at that time, Carnegie's steel production exceeded Cambria. After the flood, Carnegie replaced the old man who was flooded in Johnstown with the new library, Cambridge's Chief Legal Advisor Cyrus Elder. The Carnegie-owned library is now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association and includes the Flood Museum.

1892: Homestead strike

The Homestead strike was a bloody labor collision that lasted 143 days in 1892, which was one of the most serious events in US history. The conflict was centered on Carnegie Steel's main plant located in Homestead, Pennsylvania, and grew even more conflicts between the National Allegumated Association of the United States of Iron and Steel and Carnegie Steel Company.

Before the movement reached its peak, Carnegie left Scotland on a tour. By doing so, Carnegie put the entire dispute in the hands of his partner and partner Henry Clay Frick. Freak was very well-known in industrial circles for a strong understanding of anti-organization.

After a recent 60% increase in profits, the company declined to increase the wages by 30% in workers' wages. When some workers demanded 60 percent, the management was expelled from the organization. Workers did not count stoppage management as a lockout, not by workers' strike. In this way, the workers were in good condition for their right to oppose and, according to the government's steps, there were numerous criminal proceedings to stave off this situation, which is seen as a huge response to the evolving workers' rights movement that strongly opposed the operation. Frick brought thousands of striking workers to work in a steel mill and brought the Pinkerton agent to protect them.

On July 6, the 300-pinterton agents from New York City and Chicago fought with 10 striking people and three Pinkerton were killed and numerous injured. Pennsylvania Governor Robert Patties ordered the government brigade to go on strike at the two brigades. Subsequently, on the charge of fighting between the striking workers and the Pinkert, rebellious Alexander Berkman shot the gun in an attempt to murder Freak, in which Frick was wounded. Although not directly linked to the strike, Berkman was arrested with the attempt of assassination. According to Berkman, ... the responsibility of Homestead's position with the end of Frick is on Carnegie. Subsequently, the company successfully started production with homeless plant workers, with non-organized foreign workers, and Carnegie returned to the United States. However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently stigmatized due to Homestead events.

Philosophy

=== Andrew Carnegie's Dictum === Enduro Carnegie suffered from bronchial pneumonia during his final days. Before his death on August 11, 1919, Mr. Carnegie donated $ 350,695,654 for various reasons. Andrew Carnegie Decum describes Carnegie's generous nature:

Spending one-third of the life of someone's life is the perfect education that someone has received. The cost of one third of the next, the money created during any life. Spend the last one-third part so that all abandonment for good reasons.

Andrew Carnegie was associated with philanthropic works, but he kept himself away from religious circles. They believed that they would recognize themselves as a world-retainer. John Bright had a great influence on him in public life.

About Skin Castle, a colored glass window dedicated to Andrew Carnegie in the Carnegie National Cathedral in 1914

As early as 1868, at the age of 33, he himself drafted a draft. He wrote that excessive wealth is the worst kind of devotion to devotion. None of the people worshiping the money descend. Staying away from his own flaw, he wrote in the same memo that he would die in such a way that he would retire at the age of 35 to perform donations for the person who dies with wealthy humiliation. However, he did not begin his philanthropic work as a pre-mark until 1881, with the grant of a lithographic gift to his native Dunfermline, Scotland.

Carnegie wrote The Gospel of Wealth, an article in which he had recognized the belief that the wealthy should use their wealth to enrich society.

The following are taken from one of the many memo offered by Carnegie himself:

In 1908, he started working with journalist Napoleon Heil (without wages), to interview 500 wealthy successful individuals to find the common mantra of their success. Hill eventually became a Carnegie collaborator. His works were published in Heil's book The Law of Success (ISBN 0-87980-447-5) in 1928, after Carnegie's death, and in Thought and Grow Rich (ISBN 1-59330-200-2) in 1937. The letter has never been printed since its first publication, and it sold more than 30 million copies worldwide. In the 1960s, Hele published a brief piece of paper containing the method for the creation of Andrew Carnegie's wealth. For a few years only one part became available in general. In 2004, Ross Cornell Think and Grow Rich !: The Original Version, Restored and Revised (in Second Printing 2007), in which the book included its original elements, was a few improvements and extensive final notes were added and there was supplement.

Religion and world surveys

About the religion and philosophy of Scotland, in the 19th century, witness to the sectarian attitude of the struggle, Carnegie kept himself away from organized religion and godliness. Instead Carnegie has not only got rid of Ishwarism and godliness, but I have chosen to see the things natural and scientific by saying that I have found the truth of development.

In later life, the strong opposition to Carnegie's religion was soft. He never used to pronounce the exact religion about the public, his wife and daughter joined him in prayer at the Presbyterian Church.

They are St. Andrew was ready to address (but did not say) the belief that he was a believer, such as immense and permanent energy that everything is going on. Napoleon Hill wrote that Carnegie firmly expressed the claim about the importance of believing in immense alertness, this was the name that the heel used to identify God or classmate. World peace

Influenced by British Liberal, John Bright, the favorite hero living in public life, Carnegie started attempts to follow world peace at a young age. His theory that people are good as far as they develop, did not only help them in successful professional careers, but also helped their perspective in international relations.

Despite his love and efforts for international peace, Carnegie faced conflicts over his quest for world peace. These confusions are often referred to as a conflict between their international relations and their other devotion. For example, during the 1880s and 1890s, Carnegie had allowed its steelworks to take huge orders of Armor Plates to make the United States Navy elegant and modern; When he opposed the American Overseas expansion And he had to face controversial criticisms of the British class structure, in which he was likely to struggle with the promotion of Anglo-American friendship.

Carnegie always thought that it was a bad sign for the United States in relation to the American connection. He did not protest against the connection of the Hawaiian Islands, Cuba and Puerto Rico, but Carnegie was still standing in opposition to the Philippines's alliance. Because airplanes, Cubans and Puerto Ricans, Filipinos wanted to fight for their independence, Carnegie believed that winning the love of the islands was good for refuting the principle of democracy and urging William McKinley to withdraw American troops and allow the Philippines to live with their independence. Was there. This move greatly influenced other American imperialist opponents, who immediately elected him as the Vice President of the Anti-Imperial League.

After selling his steel company in 1901, Carnegie was fully involved in the peace process, both financially and personally. He took most of his time to develop them on behalf of vast peacekeeping agencies. His friend British journalist William T. When Stade asked him to create a new institution for peace purposes and to establish an Arbitral society, his reply was something like this:

Carnegie believed that this is an effort and desire of the people, who maintain peace in international relations. Money is not necessary only to push the work forward. If the global peace depends only on the financial support, it will appear as a purpose, not as a purpose but as a function of greater sympathy.

In 1910, the creation of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace was regarded as one of the paths on the road to the ultimate purpose of the war. Apart from a $ 10 million gift to promote peace, Carnegie encouraged scientific investigations of various causes of the war, and eventually the acceptability of the judicial methods of destruction. They believed that endowment existed to promote the rights and responsibilities of nations under current international law and other seminars to strengthen this law.

In the year 1914, during World War I, Carnegie founded the Church Peace Union (CPU), a group of leaders of religion, education and politics. Through the CPU, Carnegie hoped to run the churches, religions and institutions and other spiritual and moral sources of the world to promote moral leadership to put an end to the war on forever. For its inaugural international event, the CPU sponsored a seminar on August 1, 1914, on the banks of the Constance Lake in southern Germany. The delegates raided Belgium on the road to train the train to arrive in the seminar.

Despite its bad start, the CPU was successful. He has focused on today's theories and is known as the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, which is an independent, unincorporated, nonprofit organization, intended to raise voice for policies in international affairs.

The outbreak of the First World War was clearly to shock the hopeful view of Carnegie and his world peace. Despite his failure to counter anti-imperialism and world peace, and Carnegie Endowment did not fulfill his expectations, his beliefs and concepts on international relations helped shape the foundation of the League of Nations after his death, which took world peace to another level Was.

Quotes My heart is lonely. As I grew bigger, people paid less attention to what people were saying. I just saw what they did. Put each of your eggs in a basket and then look at the basket. If you want to be happy, make sure that your thoughts, which are releasing your power and motivating your hopes. The person who dies as wealthy, his death is uncomfortable. Texts

Carnegie was a continual contributor to magazines on labor laws. In addition to Triumphant Democracy (1886), and The Gospel of Wealth (1889), he wrote an American for the Hand in Britain (1883), Round the World (1884), The Empires of Business (1902), The Secret of Business is the Management Writings such as The Man (1903), James Watt (1905), were written in the famous Scotts series, Problem of Today (1907) and published autobiography autobiography of Andrew Carnegie (1920) after his death writings were published Had been

Legacy and honor Andrew Carnegie's statue in Dunfermline in his hometown of Dunfermline was given to Andrew Carnegie after the name Dinosaur Deppodocus Carnegie (Hatter) when he sponsored a competition that discovered his remains in Utah's Morrison Formation (Jurassic). Carnegie was very proud of Deeppy, who was a copy of the entire skeleton's bone and plaster, and which he donated to various museums in Europe. The basic unstable skeleton is assembled and stands in the Hall of Dinosaurs at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh. After the Spanish-American War, Carnegie offered to donate $ 20 million to the Philippines to purchase their independence. Names such as Carnegie Peninsulaia, and Carnegie Oklahoma were given in their honor. The scientific name of Sagauro cactus, Carnegia, was given after his name. Carnegie Medal was founded in the UK for the best children's literature published in the UK. The Carnegie Faculty of Sport and Education at Leeds Metropolitan University, UK, has been named after his name. Concert Hall is named after his name in Dunfermline and New York. At the height of his career, John D. of Carnegie Standard Oil Rockefeller was the second richest person in the world after. Disney's Scrooge McDuck is believed to be inspired by Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie Mellon University located in Pittsburgh is named after Andrew Carnegie, who founded that institution as Carnegie Technical School. Carnegie Vanguard High School was named after the Carnegie College in 2007, replacing the Lauder College (named after his uncle's name, who inspired him to take education) in the Halbeth area of ​​Dunfermline. Behind the Belgrade University Library, the street in Belgrade (Serbia) is one of the many Carnegie libraries and has been named in their honor. American High School in Houston, Texas, Carnegie Vanguard High School is named after his name.