Ukraine

Ukraine is a country located in Eastern Europe. Its territory lies in the east, Russia in the north, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary in the west, Romania and Moldova in the southwest and Black Sea and Ajov Sagar in the south. As well as being the country's capital, the largest city is Kiev. The modern history of Ukraine begins from the 9th century, when it became a big and powerful state after the name of the Kivian Russo, but in the 12th century it was divided into regional powers after the Great Northern Battle. A large part of the Russian Empire in the 19th century and the rest came under the control of Astro-Hungarian. After the turmoil of some middle years, in 1922, he became one of the founding members of the Soviet Union. In 1945 the Ukrainian SSR became the co-founder of the United Nations. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine again became an independent country.

The origin of the name

There are different hypotheses in the time of the derivation of the name of Ukraine. According to the most comprehensive and outdated hypothesis, it means "foreigners", while in some recent studies it is being claimed a different meaning "homeland" or "region, country". In most English speaking countries, it is known as "The Ukraine".

History "Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of the Ottoman Empire." Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891. 19th Century, First World War, and Revolution : World War I

In the 19th century, Ukraine's status was similar to that of a rural area between Austria and Russia. Between the rapid urbanization and modernization of these countries, nationalism, intellectual class began to emerge in Ukraine, with the main name being National poet Tars Chevchenko (1814-1861) and political thinker Mikhailo Drahomanov (1841-1895). After the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774), the Russian rulers encouraged German immigration in Crimea, especially to reduce the number of turkeys living in Ukraine, which benefited further in farming.

In the beginning of the 19th century, people were fleeing from Ukraine in the remote areas of the Russian empire. According to the census of 1897, there were 223,000 in Siberia and 102,000 Ukrainian in Central Asia. In 1906, after the inauguration of Trans-Siberian Railway, additional 1.6 million people were resettled outside of Ukraine. Due to such a large population of Ukrainian outside Ukraine, the Far East region, became known as "Green Ukraine".

Nationalist and socialist parties emerged in the 19th century. Austrian Galicia became a hub for the nationalist movement, under a relatively liberal rule of Habsburgs.

In the First World War, Ukraine entered into Russia under the Central Powers, under Austria, and Triple Intent. 35 million Ukrainian fighters have fought with the Imperial Russian army while fighting for 250,000 Austro-Hungarian army. Austro-Hungarian officials established the Ukrainian army to fight against the Russian Empire. Which was given the name of the Ukrainian Galician army, who, after World War I (1919-23), continued to fight against Bolshevik and Pols. Even in Austria, those who kept generous feelings with Rishio were suppressed with harshness. 1918 in Ukraine

World War I destroyed the two empires. Where in the Russian Revolution of 1917 the establishment of the Soviet Union under Bolshevik, in the same Yukran, a Ukrainian national movement emerged for independence between the fierce communist and socialist influences. The rise of many Ukrainian states, which was recognized internationally as the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR), was the establishment of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (or Soviet Ukraine) in those states of Ukraine that was once the rule of the Russian Empire; Whereas the Eastern Ukrainian People's Republic of Hutsul and the Republic of Hutsul were formed in the area of ​​the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. On January 22, 1919, the agreement was signed between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the Salt Sea in Kiev under the Act of Water Act (Integration). Who has given birth to civil war?

At the time of the Russian Civil War, a rebel movement called the Black Army, which was later called "Revolutionary Rebel Army of Ukraine", led by Nestor Makhano, during the Ukrainian Revolution, from 1918 to 1921, the state of the autonomous state For the construction, from the white army of Trotsky, under the leadership of Dennikin, while fighting against the Red Army under the leadership of Tasrist, his efforts in August 1921, Had already ended in Ddh.

Poland defeated Western Ukraine in the Polish-Ukrainian War, but failed in Kiev against Bolshevik. According to the peace of Riga, Western Ukraine was absorbed in Poland, which was recognized as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919. With the establishment of Soviet power, in half the territory of Ukraine, Poland, Belarus and Russia were in power, while the Moldavian Autonomous Republic was formed on the left bank of the river Denisaster. Ukraine became a founding member of the Soviet Socialist Republic Union in December 1922. second World War

After the invasion of Poland in September 1939, German and Soviet troops negotiated the territory of Poland. Thus, the eastern part of the Ukrainian population of Galicia and the Wolhonia region were reunited with the rest of Ukraine. And for the first time in history, this nation was united.

In the 1940s, the Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. The Ukrainian SSR did the North and Southern districts of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertus area, but the Moldavian autonomous Western part of the Soviet Socialist Republic was handed over to the newly created Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. The USSR was recognized internationally on its winning areas by the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947.

The German forces attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, and went to the beginning of four years of war. Initially, Axis Red Army formed the edge stopped them. Battle of Kiev, due to its fierce resistance, was acclaimed as the city's "Hero City". Over 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or a quarter of the Soviet Western Front) were killed or captured. Although most Ukrainian, fought with the Red Army and Soviet resistance, an independent Ukrainian rebel Army movement (UP, 1942) came forward in western Ukraine. Some UPA divisions also massacres of local ethnic Poles, which turned an atmosphere of reprisal. After the war, the UPA fought the USSR until the 1950s. At the same time, the Ukrainian Liberation Army, another nationalist movement army, fought with the Nazis. The loss suffered during World War II in Kiev was captured by Nazi Germany from September 19, 1941 to November 6, 1943.

The number of Ukrainians fighting for the Soviet army, ranging from 4.5 million to 7 million. Proof of pro-Soviet radical gorilla resistance in Ukraine is estimated at 47,800 in the beginning of its acquisition, up to 500,000 at its peak in 1944. Of which about 50% of the local Ukrainian was. Generally, the statistics of the Ukrainian rebel army are unbelievable, but their number would have been between 15,000 and 100,000 soldiers.

Most recruits in Ukrainian SSR were made from within Ukraine (Reichskommissariat), so that its resources and the German population could be exploited (exploited). Some Western Ukrainians, who joined the Soviet Union in 1939, were welcomed as liberators of Germany. However, the cruel German regime eventually turned its own supporters to the caliphate, who once stood up against Stalinist policies and supported them. Instead of preserving the collective farm system, the Nazis launched a massacre against Jews, from here, millions of people were sent to work in Germany, and an Inheritance program was started for the German colonization. Blocked the transport.

Most of the World War II battles took place on Eastern Front. According to some estimates, about 93% of Germans were born here. During the war, the total loss of the Ukrainian population was estimated between 5 and 8 million, including those killed by the Nazis, nearly 1.5 million Jews. Approximately 8.7 million Soviet soldiers who landed in the fight against the Nazis, there were 1.4 million local Ukrainians. Victory Day is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays. After the second world war

Ukraine had suffered heavy wars from the war, and it needed more efforts to rehabilitate. More than 700 cities and towns and more than 28,000 villages were destroyed. Due to the drought and erosion in 1946-47, the situation deteriorated due to the devastation caused by the infrastructure destroyed. The number of deaths caused by famine was in lakhs. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR was one of the founding members of the United Nations Organization. Caste destruction has been promoted in the new extended Soviet Union after the war. By January 1, 1953, more than 20% of adults had "special exile" in place of Russia after Russia. In addition, more than 450,000 German origin and more than 200,000 Crimea Tataras of Ukraine were forced to exile.

After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev became the new leader of the Soviet Union. In 1938-49 Khrushchev, who was the principal secretary of the Ukrainian SSR Communist Party, was well-acquainted with the Republic of the Republic; As leaders of the League, they promoted friendship between Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the Treaty of Pereaslavv was widely celebrated. Crimea was transferred from Russian SFSR to Ukrainian SSR. Until 1950, Ukraine crossed the pre-war level in industry and production. During the five year plan of 1946-1950, about 20% of the Soviet budget was invested in Soviet Ukraine, which was 5% more than the pre-war plan. As a result, Ukrainian people increased by 33.2% from 1940 to 1955, while in the same period, industrial production grew by 2.2%.

Soviet Ukraine soon surpassed Europe in industrial production, as well as becoming an important center of weapon industry and high-tech research in the Soviet Union. As a result of such an important role, the local elite got a big impact. Many members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably Leonid Brezhnev. Later, who removed Khrushchev from 1964 to 1982 as Soviet leader. Many prominent Soviet players, scientists and artists came from Ukraine. Leonid Brezhnev

On 26 April 1986, a reactor in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exploded, resulting in the Chernobyl accident, considered to be the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. At the time of the accident, 7 million people lived in areas where 2.2 million people of Ukraine were involved. After the accident, a new city, Slavutach, was built outside the polluted area, and it was planted by the workers of the plant, which was subsequently discharged in 2000. According to a report by the World Health Organization, 56 deaths occurred directly from the time of the accident, and 4,000 additional deaths were caused due to cancer. Freedom Protesters at Independence Square on the first day of the Orange Revolution 2014 Revolution and Russia's military intervention

After anti-government protests began in Kiev's capital Kiev, after the November 2012 closure of a trade agreement with the European Union, along with Russia was canceled. Millions of people performed at Independent Square. Police and protesters clashed in which more than 70 were killed and around 500 were injured. On February 23, 2014, after the impeachment of Ukraine's then President Victor Yanukovich, the Ukrainian Parliament handed over the responsibility of the speaker, Alexander Turchnov to the affairs of the President temporarily. Yanukovich left the country.

26 February 2014 armed Russian supporters captured the parliament and government buildings in Crimea Peninsula of Ukraine. Russian soldiers also occupied Crimea's airports, a port and a military base, which created conditions such as a one-on-one battle between Russia and Ukraine. On March 2, the Russian Parliament also approved President Putin's decision to send Russian troops to Ukraine. There was concern about this crisis around the world and diplomatic practices in many countries came under attack. Not only that, the stock market fell around the world on 3 March. US President Barack Obama and his European colleagues described the Russian step as a threat to international peace and security. He talked to the Russian President for a half-hour on the phone. On March 4, the Russian President announced to call the armies back. Geography

With 603,628 square kilometers (233,062 square miles) and 2782 kilometers (1729 miles) long coastline, Ukraine is the 46th largest country in the world (before Madagascar, after South Sudan). It is the largest country in the entire European border and is Europe's second largest country.

soil

From the north-west to the south, the soil of Ukraine can be divided into three main parts: the sand podzolidated soil area, the region of the highly fertile black soil (Chernozem), and the areas of the soil and salinity mentioned soil.

The most important of these are black soil, which is found in two thirds of Ukraine. It is very fertile soil, it is considered one of the most fertile areas in the world and is famous as "Pav basket". Biodiversity

Ukraine is home to animals, fungi, micro-organisms and plants. living organisms Spotted ground squirrels are found in the eastern Ukrainian plain White storks are basically found in southwestern and northwestern Ukraine

The zodiacal area of ​​Ukraine is said to be in two parts, the first western region where the borders of Europe are located, the typical species of mixed forests are seen here and the second is the region of eastern Ukraine, where the species living in the ground thrives. In the forest areas of wild cat, wolf, wild boar and tendons are found mainly in addition to these other types of organisms found If they may, the Carpathian mountains that are home to many mammals including brown bears, key beaver and mink Fungus

More than 6,600 fungal species have been recorded in Ukraine, but there are still many species of unknown species. Climate Map of Koppen climate classification of Ukraine

There is mostly temperate climate in Ukraine, except for the Crimea's southern coast, where there is sub-tropical climate. The climate here is affected by the moderately hot and humid air coming from the Atlantic Ocean. The average annual temperature ranges from 7 ° C (41.9-44.6 ° F) to the north, from 11-13 ° C (51.8-55.4 ° F) to the south. Distribution of precipitation (drizzle, rain, rain with rain, ice, wet hail and hail, etc.) is also uncommon; It is the lowest in the west and north while the lowest in the East and South East. In Western Ukraine, especially in the Carpathian Mountains, the rain occurs annually around 1,200 millimeters (47.2 in), whereas the coastal areas of Crimea and Black Sea are around 400 millimeters. Politics

Ukraine is a republic with a mixed semi-parliamentary, semi-presidential system with separate legislative, executive and judicial branches. Governance system

With its independence on August 24, 1991, Ukraine adopted the Constitution on June 28, 1996 to adopt the method of semi-presidential Republic, although in 2004 it was made several amendments, which in turn caused a further increase in parliamentary system, though its Protests were carried out across the country and finally the Ukrainian court dismissed the amendments made in the Constitution on September 30, 2010, again to the Constitution of 1996, the Constitution of 2004 On the order of amendment and court order on 2010, it became a major issue of political debate whether neither the constitution of 1996 nor the constitution of 2004 provides the ability to "undo the constitution", on February 21, 2014, President Victor Yanukovich and Opposition There was an agreement between the leaders to return the 2004 constitution. This agreement came after the EU mediation, after which the opposition started to flourish in all the countries. The violent clashes began in November 2013, which lasted one week, in which several protesters were killed. This deal included the release of the country's constitution in the 2004 constitution, the formation of the coalition government, the call for early elections, and the release of prison former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko. A day after the agreement, the parliament of Ukraine rejected the agreement and established its speaker Alexander Turchynov as interim president and Arseniy Yatsenyuk as the Prime Minister of Ukraine. foreign Relations administrative department Army Sukhoi SU-27 of Ukrainian Air Force.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Ukraine has got the third largest nuclear weapon arsenal in the world, with 780,000 military forces in its heritage. In May 1992, Ukraine signed a Memorandum of Understanding for Assigning Russia to destroy all its nuclear weapons in Lisbon and joining the Non-Proliferation Treaty as a Non-Nuclear Weaponized Nation. Ukraine ratified the treaty in 1994, and was freed from all nuclear weapons present in the country until 1996. Ukraine is currently planning to convert compulsory recruitment based military into a professional volunteer army.

Ukraine is playing a major role in peacekeeping operations. Ukrainian soldiers have been deployed in Kosovo as Ukrainian-Polish battalion. A Ukrainian troop soldier was deployed in Lebanon as the role of the United Nations Interim Army to implement the "Mandatory Conflict Agreement" in Lebanon. In 2003-05, the Ukrainian military unit was deployed as a multinational force in Iraq under Polish control.

Since its independence, Ukraine has been declaring itself a neutral nation. By 1994 the country has limited military partnership with Russia, NATO, and other CIS countries. In the 2000s, the Ukraine government's tilt towards NATO increased and in 2002 the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan was signed to establish mutual cooperation among themselves. So far Russia has been able to join NATO due to Russia's pressure. However, during the 2008 Bucharest Summit, NATO announced that Ukraine will fulfill all the criteria for accession, eventually becoming a member of NATO. Economy Corporations transportation Energy Internet

Ukraine is growing rapidly in the Internet sector, which has been unaffected by the financial crisis of 2007-08. As of June 2014, there were 182 million desktop internet users, which is 56% of the total adult population. The centerpiece of this area is of 25 to 34 years of age, which represents 29% of the population. Among the top ten countries using the fastest Internet in the world, Ukraine is at number 8. Tourism Yenile Fort, Kirch (Crimia)

In Ukraine, the World Tourism Organization is ranked 8th in Europe by the number of tourists, because here are the centers of tourist attraction: mountain skiing, hiking and fishing for the large quantity here. The banks of Black Sea are popular in summer as destination; Nature reserves of various ecosystems; Churches, castles, parks and parks are famous for outdoor activities, with its many historical sites and hospitality infrastructure, Kiev, Lviv, Odessa and Kamnets-Podilski are one of the major tourist centers of Ukraine. The mainstay of Crimea's economy was tourism, but after 2014 the Russian merger has seen a huge drop in visitor numbers. Demographics Population decline Urbanization

There are a total of 457 cities in Ukraine, out of which 176 oblast squares, 279 small royon-level cities, and two city specific legal records.

'Largest Towns or Towns in Ukraine' Language religion Health Education culture

The Ukrainian Orthodox Christianity is strongly influenced by the major religions in the country. The culture of Ukraine is also very influenced by its eastern and western neighboring countries. This example can be found in architecture, music and art. There has been a great impact on the art and writing of the Communist era of Ukraine. In 1932, Stalin formed the Socialist Realism Politics in the Soviet Union, which affected the creativity of those people. Glasnost (Openness) was introduced in the 1980s and Soviet artists and writers became free to express themselves again.

The tradition of Easter Egg, which is known as the pysanky, is nestled in the roots of Ukraine. Here the colorful Easter egg is made, which is the traditional heritage there. Knitting & Embroidery Some pieces of Ukrainian embroidery

Artisan clothing art plays an important role in Ukrainian culture, especially in the traditions of Ukrainian wedding. Ukrainian embroidery, weaving and lace can be seen in the traditional art of folk dress and traditional ceremony. National dress is weaved and it is highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still popular in Krupove village, which are located in Rivne Oblast. This village is the birthplace of two famous celebrities of national crafts. Nina Myhailivna and Uliana Petrivna, whose identities are internationally. To save this traditional knowledge, a local weaving center, a museum and weaving school are being planned in the village. Literature

The history of Ukrainian literature is from the 11th century, the writings of that time were mainly related to the worship system and the old church was written in Slavonic language. Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the Mongol invasion. Ukrainian literature began to evolve again in the 14th century and after the introduction of the 16th century impression, with the onset of Cossack era, there was a lot of flourishing, dominated by the dominance of Russian and Polish art in the art of there. This advance was postponed back to the 17th and 18th centuries when it was illegal and prohibited to publish in Ukrainian language. Nonetheless, in the 18th century modern literary Ukrainian emerged again. Architecture Music and cinema Cosack Mame, playing Cobbas (a type of musical instrument)

Music is a major part of Ukrainian culture with a long history. From traditional folk music to traditional and modern rock music, Ukraine is home to many internationally recognized musicians. Which include Kirill Karbits, Okayen LG and Russna. Traditional Ukrainian folk music has influenced western music and modern jazz music. From the mid-1960s, the popularity of western-influenced pop music is growing in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player Marianna Sadowska is the main artist.

Ukraine's influence on European cinema, Ukrainian director Alexander Dvojhenko, is often remembered in important Soviet filmmakers. He invented his own cinematic style, Ukrainian poetic cinema, which was quite different from the socialist guiding principles of that time. Despite important and successful presentations, there is often debate about European and Russian influences in the film industry. Ukrainian producers are active in international co-production, and Ukrainian actors, directors and crew regularly appear in Russian (previously Soviet) films. Journalism sport Ukrainian footballer Andrey Shevchenko celebrating in a Euro 2012 goal against Sweden

Ukraine has benefited greatly from Soviet physical education. Such policies meet Ukraine in the heritage of many stadiums, swimming pools, gymnasiums and many other athletic facilities here. Here is the most popular sport football. Here is the name of Vyscha LIHA ("Premier League") in the top professional league.

Many Ukrainianians have also played for the Soviet national football team. Here the national team reached the quarterfinals of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and ultimately lost to the champion Italy

The Ukrainian have also been performing well in boxing, in which Vitali and Wladimir Klitschko brothers have the record of world heavyweight champions.

Chess is a popular game in Ukraine. Here is Ruslan Ponomariov former world champion. Here are 85 Grandmasters and 198 International Masters in Ukraine.

Ukraine started its Olympic career at the 1994 Winter Olympics. So far, in the Olympics, Ukraine has been very successful in the Summer Olympics (115 medals in five matches) compared to the Winter Olympics. Ukraine is currently 35th on the number of gold medals. food

Traditional Ukrainian diet includes poultry, meat, fish and mushrooms. Potatoes, cereals, fresh, boiled or spicy vegetables are also eaten too. Popular traditional dishes here, Varenyky (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, cauliflower, cottage cheese, cherries), nalysnyky (pancakes with cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms, fish eggs or meat), and Pierogi (boiled potatoes and cottage cheese Or dumpling filled with meat). Ukrainian dishes include chicken Kiev and Kiev cake. Ukrainian drinks include fruit juices, milk, buttermilk, tea and coffee, beer, wine and horilka. Comment

A Russia and Kazakhstan are first and second largest countries, but both are spread across European and Asian continents. Russia is the only country with more European area than Ukraine.

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