Greek language

Greek or Greek (Ελληνικά IPA: [elinika] or Ελληνική γλώσσα, IPA: [elinici ɣlosa]), is an independent branch of the Indo-European (Indo-European) language family, which is spoken by Greek (Greek) people. This language, derived from the South Balkan, is the longest history in comparison to other Indo-European languages, which spread across 34 centuries of writing history. In its ancient form it is the language of the ancient Greek literature and the New Testament of the Bible of the Christians. In modern form it is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and is spoken by more than 20 million people. Greek letters are used in writing.

There can be two special meanings of the Greek language:

Script

The oldest Greek was "Mycenaean Greek", which was written in Linear B script. There was also another similar system called "Cypriot syllabary".

From about ninth century BC, the Greek language is written by the Greek alphabet. In Old Greek, only upper-case letters were. The development of small letters took place in the Middle Ages when the use of ink was needed to write on paper faster.

There are 24 characters in the modern Greek alphabet. All characters have large forms and small forms. There are two short-formations of "sigma" in circulation. Greek-language literature

We can call Greece (Greece) the mother of European literature, philosophy and culture, without any exaggeration. The Greeks were extremely smart, meritorious and courageous, and in their character there was an integral combination of intellectual courage with physical courage. His literature was abundant and all-round, and although a lot of his part has been ignored and in a sense his ruins are available, however the safe part is a strong witness of his glory. Greek literature is not an impression of foreign influences; It is a reflection of the true qualities and errors of the Greek race. The history of the rise and fall of nation and literature is the same, and the relationship of both are unbreakable. The source of the Greek language is the ancient language, which is considered the origin of all the major languages ​​of mankind, and to whom the linguists named "Indo-Germanic". In time, this language was divided into several regional languages ​​in Greece and adjoining Asia Minor, in which literary names are notable in particular - Doric, Avalik, Ionic, and Aich. In the creation of Greek literature, these four territorial languages ​​have been a proud addition. Homer and epic literature

Greek poetry material begins with Homer's epic - "Elyad" and "Odense" and it will not be unfair to say Valmiki of his literature. The only difference is that Homer was not the father of Greek poetry because he had a popular poetic tradition before that, which impressed him, and compiled his scattered elements together, he created his epics. Scholars believe that Homer's epics have gradually developed and many people have been in the hands of their creation. Homer's language is "mixed ionic" and verses are special hexometers. Homer's birth was estimated approximately 900 years before Christ in Asia Minor's place called Ismarna. But his life story is in darkness. His epic Virarsas are full and their characters are Devopam. Devas are also associated with human qualities and mental feelings, although their power and beauty are supernatural. The rise and fall of human life is dependent on the indications of destiny, although the deities are also the conquerors of happiness, grief and defeat, and to please some god, Virashiromani and powerful ruler (Agameman) also sacrifice their daughter. Can be ready happily. Homer's epics influenced all Greek literature because the trained preachers roamed around different parts of Greece and recited them to the public. The rhapsodist of such storytellers was the one who used to take the wings of the Larees tree in his hand and used to do poems and act on the main sites.

The most powerful witness of homer's influence is Haseid who was a citizen of Voyetia and whose famous poem "Work and day" has been written in Homer's style. Although his approach is personal and his poetry is preachy. In this, he has taught his lazy brother to be a product of labor and farming and to strengthen justice in the political arena. His second poetry is popularly known as "Theogri", whose main theme is the beginning of creation and the history of various generations of the Gods. Homer and Hesiod are regarded as the observers of Greek mythology, and it is clear from their texts that the Greek thought had begun moving from the polytheism to the imagination of a deviant God. Aligayak and iyevik poetry

Eighth century BC is considered an era of political change in the history of Greece, in which the erosion of monarchy and democracy was rising. It was a time of intense contemplation for the Greeks whose effect was reflected in poetry literature. In these circumstances, a new poetic character emerged that was named "Eli". Nowadays, in "Eli", those poems are called poems that are related to the bereavement of the departed souls, or in which the emotional light has been highlighted on the transience of life or the mortality of past glory. In addition to this, other topical subjects were included in the Elephant in ancient Greece. In such poems, the personal expressions of the poet were celebrated on the occasion of festivities, such as war, love, politics and philosophical preachers, with the rhythm of flute in front of the audience. The style of these poets was different from them even though they were influenced by epics. The husbands of Hupiter's verses were made into pentad, and such rows were made in rows of various forms. This was similar to the Iyavik (Panchayat) poems in which there was a deep satire of satire. Notable names in this poetry are Archilokus, Solan, Theoganaj, and Simonides. Pure lyrics

The independent and pure form of self-expression is found in lyrics. In ancient Greece such poems were sung with the harp. The pure lyrical verse was the translation of "Iolian" language in Greece, and its main center was "Lesbian", where there was considerable political tension and conflict in the seventh century BC. A glimpse of this aspect of public life is found in the songs of Alkais. But the main heroine of this area is Saifi, whose lyrics are packed with strong love. His poems are of love letters sent to the scholars. Such a pleasant coordination of language, expressions and music is rarer elsewhere. The poet himself had sung in his memory - most of his compositions of Saifi are fragmented. Most of these came from Egypt's sandbank.

The Diary Greeks developed a lyricism after 12th century BC, whose importance was public, and in the trained chorus, the songs of the country and nation or city were sung on triumphal occasions and religious occasions. Among them are the famous "chorus odd", where the complexity of verses, the style of oz and the dignity of the values ​​transmit beautiful Triveni. The famous name of this region is Pindar whose "add" embellished with its impressive and complex but extraordinary phraseology is still alive. In addition to these, Simonian's name is also taken, whose poems have a deeper look of national unity and patriotism, and languages ​​and styles are relatively simple and comprehensible even when they are artistic. Greek ragamcc Sad and happy drama

The climax of Greek literature is found in plays, whose center was Athens and the main language was "Aicht". The Greek drama was related to the public life and the main spirit and inspiration in them were religious. Greek sadness originated with kirtanas and mesions that were held in honor of the god of Divine Diyonis, in which the priest roamed the goat with a fancy face. These songs were called "Ditarev" This later took the form of drama when the religious chorus split into two parts - on one side the messenger of the deity and on the other side his priest. This messenger is considered the first character of drama. From the beginning of the 5th century BC, the form of Greek drama was well-organized and the three main pillars of the tragedy, Iskilas, Sopoklis and Europeans, were in this period (4th century BC) to try to develop it. Iskilus Greek is considered to be the father of sorrow drama. It was a military poet and in his plays, with the glorious style, high flying imagination and strong patriotism and unshakable religious beliefs are found. Primacy is of the poetic aspect and the theatrical element is secondary. Their plays related to Aristij and Primethaus are popular. In the development of Greek misery, the central location of Iskillas is the successful competitor, Sophocles, who incorporated the third character, expand the scope of dramatic elements, especially the dialogue. Their plays have artistic harmony of human and supernatural elements, and their characters, such as Eidipus and Etigan, are full of humanistic characteristics, despite their exceptional personality. The atmosphere is inspired by high thoughts. The erosion of ancient beliefs and the rise of the modern approach are clearly marked in the plays of Yeripedes. Atheism in place of religious devotion, realism rather than idealism, ordinary characters come in front of readers, in place of extraordinary characters. They were Nourisher of Karunaras and their dialogues contain complex arguments.

It is believed that in the short-term of this half-century, Iskillas 70, Sophoclies 113 and Urapidij created 92 plays, most of which were lost.

The Greek happiness drama was also originated from the worship of Dionisas, but this worship was not done in the winter but it was in spring and the procession of the priests used to exhibit similarity and obscenity, on the occasion of Holi in India. Often comes in view. The development of happiness drama has been a significant addition to the diary people, but its elevation is related to Etika only because the workspace of Aristophanyes, the strongest creator of ancient Greek happiness drama, was Athens. This bold playwriter created such happy plays from 427 to 40 years ago, in which along with the flight of free-fiction, there is astonishing blend of the sweetness of poetry, the intensity of inspection and the ingenuity of satire. In these pleasures, "birds", "sheep", "clouds", "nights" and often people have been struck. Many of them are present in the political and judicial account of Socrates and his disciples, the politics of Perklis and the dash of Aspajia, his preservation. In many places, humorous obscenity has become pungent. The ancient pleasures were scavenged in medieval happiness dramas in Greece, in which it encouraged decent reproach in place of vandalism and individual satire whose characters were often symbolized by various human categories and errors. The live examples of this new and happy drama are found in Roman plays of "Platus" and "Terence". Minandar was its well-known Greek originator. In these happy dramas, the downtrodden stamina is prominent. The development of Greek prose

The appearance of Greek prose is similar to the verse of the other scriptures of the world. In the middle of the fifth century BC, the fields of Greek prose and verse began to separate from each other and many ideas were interpreted through prose. In the creation of artistic prose, the famous Greek historians, Herodotos, Thuciediades and Genophones, Greek philosophers such as Heraclitus, Aflaten and Aristotle, and Greek eloquents and stoicists (Rottersionians) have a great deal of hands. The main place in the Scientist was Sophiston who used to train speakers in Athens and used to embrace people by placing the placards of truth on falsehood with their poetic and musical prose. Opposing their evil effects Aflāt did with free speech, and after this Aristotle made a scientific explanation of this scripture and highlighted the various styles of prose that their considerations are considered as authentic till date. Aflatoon and his disciple Aristotle were philosophers as well as the literaturemakers. The talent of both of them was versatile. But Plato's prose style is literary and in it there is a beautiful look of poetry of Aristotle. Aristotle's prose is a monotonous scientist, in which the artistic minor is the main subject. The reviewing literature of Europe has been considered by Aristotle's Poetics (Poitics) as the Bible for centuries. Aristotle's disciple Theophrastus is famous for his prose "Characters". Exclamation of ancient literature

At the beginning of the third century BC, the Greek literature started moving towards the end. Sikandar's father Phillip II pledged power of Greek independent nations and Alexander made an active effort to make Greek literature and culture universal in the transit of his own worldview. Thus, some such centers were built outside of Greece where the study of Greek language and literature began to occur in new ways but with abundant zeal. In these centers, the capital of Major Egypt was Alexandria, where a large library of Greek literature, philosophy and science was created, which was destroyed during the general antenna in the first century BC. The writers and scholars of this new center were influenced and animated by the writers of Greece, and especially their work in science field was very commendable. But the place of creative talent in the literature sector has been criticized and grammar and interpretation literature. Consequently, with the interpretation of the old literature, it was possible to protect the characteristics of many texts. The evolution of the new elements in the poem of this period is clear, but it also shows that the scope of the poem has been narrowed and the poem has not been written for the public, it is written for experts. The style became cumbersome with artificial and ornaments and in the word selection, the rhetoric of the pedestal stood. The main names in the poets are Theotrites, who are considered to be the patrons of Gothic life, and special relationship of Apollonius and Kalimax are related to epic and succulent lyrical verses, such as "Eli" and "Avigrams" respectively. Greek-Roman period

Around the second century BC, Roman invaders were occupied by the Greek nation, but they accepted the importance of Greek literature and philosophy and were inspired by them and decided to flourish their national resources. This is the reason that the Greek language was propagated in various parts of the Roman Empire and through this language, famous texts were being created in different areas of literature. The main place in this literature is prose that is reviewed. Among the critics, the best "Lenjinas", whose famous but incomplete book "Regarding Shalin" is considered equivalent to the books of Aflatu and Aristotle in the ancient review literature. This book explains the decency of literature and in the example, hundreds of creations of Greece and Rome are mentioned. The reviewer's literature is love-loving, and the prose style is full of poetic and vivid words.

There are other famous and influential prose writers of this era, Plutarch (46-120 AD) who were born in the upper part of Batiya and had gained fame in Rome. Inspired by the famine of the girl's death, she composed "consolation" which became popular over time. Plutarch was a devotee of the famous philosopher and "Apollo" and the last stage of his life was spent in the literary service and devachan. His collection of articles and speeches is known as "Morelia". Plutarch's best and versatile texts are parallel to the Greeks and Romans, in which they have proven their claim that parallel example of each Roman is available in Greek history. This work is counted among the famous texts of the world and it is important even when the historical element is secondary, but more important is the art of characterization and interesting story which has made it the precious jewel of its field.

In this era, Greek prose literature created some novels which are famous as romance, because the real purpose of life is not the main goal, and the reality has become dead by suppressing imagination and exorcism and amazing events. In these romances, such as "Apollonius of the Arrow", Daphneis and Clay or Pastoralia - love and extravagant phenomena are the center. The love of the hero and the heroine, then there is their separation and then wandering around from the circumstances of the situation, eventually getting united again and uniting in charitasutra is basically the essence of the main plot of these texts.

Greek poetry of this era has a sense of originality and survival, and most of the poetesses are of ordinary category. But the mention of Lucien (120-180 AD) will be of importance in this direction. He made new communication in Greek poetry. Lucian was born in Syria and Greek was not his mother tongue, but he studied this language so passionately and diligently that it became his mother tongue. Its special trend was towards philosophy, inspired by the fact that at the age of 40, at the age of 40, Athens made its home for some time. But the severity of the philosophers was against his behavioral versatility, as a result, he activated his writing in the contemporary philosophical palpitations only. His works include "Faliris" and "Deaths of the Dead" specially notable. Dylaag is full of satirical images and commentary on the strange events of humankind has been presented, and in hell the good life of the departed souls is found. In all these compositions, the author's hatred of the rich and the criticism of the rich and the strong criticism is an automatic proof. Thus Lucien's talent was inspired by satireful bitterness and his satire was not confined to contemporary life. He also strongly criticized all the religious and old contemporary movements, and also ridiculed the gods and their miracles in the writings like Delegas and Syriac Devi of Deities. In this way, Lucien was not the representative of Greece's old tendency but was representative of all of his literature. Classical Greek language is lost with Lesion as well and a mixed language begins to take its place because the area of ​​its main motivation changes itself. Greek literature and Christian faith

With the Christian religion, a new inspiration in the Greek language started to be communicated. The leaders and saints of the Greek Church and its outer centers began to analyze and analyze religious and spiritual problems and emotions through this language. Some of the religious works are interpretive and instructive, such as "the famous letter of Saint Pal", and some relate to the organization and organization, such as "First Epsil for Curement", but is highly explanatory, such as "Ipsil ove Barnawas". Literary elements are minor in these compositions, but the critically important articles of Alexandria's famous church-father Clement and Origen are an impressive example of thought-based literature as well as literary style. Historically, the well-known treatise written by Cégara is "Eclassial History", which is the authentic treatise of the then church history. Medieval greek literature

Medieval Christian writers started the process of establishing a harmony with ancient Greek philosophy and religious elements through their new and progressive religion through Greek language and style. As a result, many elements of the old style were reborn and the main principles of Aflaten and Aristotle found respectable places in Christian theology. The strong supporter of this new ideology was the religious author of "Byzantium", which was fully animated by Greek literature and philosophy. This religious center encouraged those songs which were sung on various occasions and festivals in the church and are known today as "Littergi" and "Snow" (Kanthrath). These lyrical verses leave the old chhandprampara and follow a new stanza system and there are surprising variations in their external forms. But the language is so flexible that without any special effort, all those variants form the appropriate means. The best development of these songs is in the series of religious songs known as "Canon" and whose best promoter was Saint John of Damascus. Such poems have been written for centuries and in these words and music are often saturated.

Along with this, the emergence of another new literature came from the lives and wonders of Christian saints. It is a combination of truth and imagination and their writers seem to be involved in the love and faith of moral and religious elements in place of worldly entertainment in the heart of readers, by adopting the stylistic and thrilling descriptions of medieval romances. The origin of these popular texts is the "life story" of Saturn, of Egypt, whose writings are considered to be the fourth century saint Athanasius. Modern Greek Literature

The most important part of modern Greek literature is such verses, articles, and poetry that has been written in the popular language in general. The language that is known as "Demotic Greek" in contrast to the classical. Most of them come in the category of folklore and there is a reflection of the fluctuations of the public. The main inspiration of these songs is cosmic and by reading them, in the golden era of Queen Elizabeth I remember the songwritings that contain masculine pain in the veneration of nature, nature nature and the sun, and the sweet lips, which are the moments of beauty and beauty. Is avoided. There are also some such poetry in this paragraph, whose significance is historical and the subsequent instances of the incident; For example, we can take the folklore that condolences on the fall of Kuchurgania and the satisfaction of the courage and bravery of his guards. The authors have no personal relation with this abundance of poetry. It reflects the collective ideas and emotions of all the caste-hawked people of life.

In addition to this, the other famous part of modern Greek literature is that Western Europe has a deep impression on it. The East-West Kahay Convergence took place during the medieval Crusades (Crusades) when the countries of France, Italy, etc. moved towards Eastward in protest against the Tigers Turks. As a result of this, romance related to love and adventure was born which is inspired by medieval French novels and whose medium is spiritual Greek. This compilation of two castes in 17th century proved to be the most meaningful of the famous towns of Crete, which led to the emergence of a new type of drama inspired by the Italian Theater. The famous name in this literature is Kornaros, which are Italian by name but whose language is Greek. In a popular novel called "Rothocritus", it has succeeded in modernizing the medieval romance. The creation of this new literature in Crete was only 50 years since the glory of the literature ended with the collapse of Crete in 1669, although it had a great effect on later Greek literature.

The late 18th century was the period of political awakening in Greece. The question of national language was also considerable in this awakening. The classical Greek, the pure language of the Vaginatium, which was the language of the church and the demotic Greek, which was popular - was the basis of one of them to build the national language. After many unsuccessful attempts in this struggle, the popular language was finally conquered and the main credit of this victory is the best poet of modern Greece, "Dionysius Silomons", who proved that language can be a very successful medium of high quality. By the beginning of the 20th century, verse and prose began to be written through this medium, which enabled this language to be adequately developed and scrapped. Poetry and novels are typical parts of Greek literature in the middle and second half of this century. In this way, the history of Greek literature and language has remained almost intact since the one thousand years of Christ until today, although the repetition of its ancient glory was never possible in later ages. Normal language Teaching dictionary Literature

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