Types of blood

It is suggested that this article or part be merged with the blood group. (Talks)

This article is translated from Wikipedia article from this version of Blood type. The type of blood (or blood group) is determined by ABO blood group antigens present in red blood cells, in one part.

Blood type (also called blood group), is the classification of blood based on the presence or absence of genetic antigenic substances present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens are protein, carbohydrate, glycoprotein, or glycolipid on the basis of blood group system and some antigens may also be present on other types of tissue cells.

Several of these red blood cell surface antigens, which are derived from an allele (or very closely related genes), collectively form a blood group system.

Types of blood are inherited and represent the contribution of both the mother and father. Now a total of 30 human blood group systems have been identified by the International Blood Transfusion Society (ISBT).

Pregnant women present in pregnant women are different from their own blood group and the mother can build antibodies against embryonic red blood cells. Sometimes these maternal antibodies are IgG. It is a small immunoglobulin which crosses the placenta and goes into the embryo and can cause the blood disinfection (hemolysis) of the embryonic red blood cells. Due to which the newborn has a blood decomposing disease, it is a disease of fetal anemia that can be benign to severe.

Serology

If a person comes in contact with a blood group antigen that is not recognized as its own antigen, the immune system makes such an antibody that is specifically tied with that specific blood group antigen and An antibody memory is formed against that antigen.

The person becomes sensitive for that blood group antigen. These antibodies can bond with the antigens present on the surface of the red blood cells (or other tissues) present in the blood, which often leads to the destruction of cells by the other components of the immune system.

When IgM antibodies are bonded with blood cells extracted, then the cells of the received blood form the group and make clots. It is very necessary that blood transfusion and organ transplantation suitable for blood transfusion are selected. Transmission responses that contain minor antigens or impaired antibodies can lead to minor problems. However, more serious inconsistencies can lead to serious antibody reactions, which cause excessive destruction of red blood cells, reducing blood pressure and even death.

ABO and Rh blood grouping

Anti-A and Anti-B, which are common IgM antibodies for RBC surface antigens of the ABO blood group system, are sometimes described as "naturally occurring"; Although this is a misnomer, because these antibodies are created by sensitization in the nascent stage in the same way as other antibodies are formed.

The principle that explains how these antibodies have developed, the antigen, food, similar to the A and B antigens. Found in nature, including plants and bacteria. After the birth, normal vegetation is grouped in the nutrition of the newborn, which clarifies the antigens like A-A and B, due to which the immune system produces antibodies for those antigens, which are red Blood cells are not. Therefore, the people who have A group blood A make anti-B antibodies, which have blood type B, they form anti-A antibody, blood group O both anti-A and anti-B antibodies and blood There is no antibody in group AB.

Due to these so-called "naturally occurring" and anticipated antibodies, it is important that the blood group should be properly determined before the blood clotting blood.

These naturally occurring antibodies are IgM classes, which have the ability to destroy red blood cells and blood coagulation (clotting or agglutination) inside the blood vessel, which can lead to possibly death. . Determining any other blood group is not necessary because almost all red cells antibodies can only develop through active immunization, which can only be due to blood or pregnancy previously performed. Patients who require transfusion of red blood cells are always tested as an antibody screen and this test finds therapeutically appropriate red cell antibodies.

RhD antigen is also important in determining a person's blood group. The word "positive" or "negative" tells the presence or absence of a RhD antigen, it is not related to which other antigens of the Rhesus system are present or absent. Unlike anti-A and anti-B antibodies, anti-RhD is generally not a naturally occurring antibody. The RhD antigen match is also very important, because the RhD antigen is sterile, i.e., a person who is RhD negative, becomes an anti-RhD when exposed to RhD antigen (this may be due to blood transfusion or pregnancy) .

Once a person becomes sensitive for RhD antigen, then RhD becomes its IgG antibody in the blood, which can form bonds with RhD positive red blood cells and cross the placenta.

Blood group system

A total of 30 human blood group systems have been identified by the International Institute of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). A complete blood type describes a complete set of 30 substances on the surface of red blood cells and one person's blood group is one of several possible combinations of blood group antigens.

In more than 30 blood groups, over 600 different blood group antigens have been found, but many of them are rare or mainly found in some ethnic groups

Almost always, a person's blood group remains the same throughout the lifespan, but there may be very few such changes in the blood group of a person, in such transition, by increasing or suppressing an antigen, a malignancy By, or by an autoimmune disease. An example of this rare event is a case of Demi Lee Brennan, an Australian citizen whose blood group changed after liver transplantation. Another common cause of blood group transplantation is the bone marrow transplantation.

Bone marrow transplant is done for many other diseases, including leukemia (lymphoma) and lymphoma. If a person receives a bone marrow of a person whose ABO type is different, (for example, the patient with type A receives a bone marrow containing type O), the patient's blood type is ultimately in the type of donor Will change.

Some types of blood are related to the inheritance of other diseases; For example, Kell antigens are sometimes associated with Mcleoid syndrome. Specific blood group can affect the sensitivity to the infection, an example of which is the lack of Duffy antigens in people who can see resistance to specific species of malaria. The Duffy antigen is probably the result of natural selection, which is less common in ethnic groups of areas of high likelihood of malaria.

ABO Blood Group System ABO blood group system - A picture showing the carbohydrate chain that determines the ABO blood group. मुख्य लेख : ABO blood group system

The ABO system is the most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The related anti-A antibody and anti-B antibody are usually "Immunoglobulin M", which are briefly called IgM antibodies. ABO IgM antibodies are manufactured in the first year of life through the sensitization of environmental elements such as foods, bacteria and viruses.

"O" in ABO is often called zero (zero / null) in other languages.

Rhesus blood group system मुख्य लेख : Rhesus blood group system

The Rhesus system is the second most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The most important Rhesus antigen is the RhD antigen because it is the most immunogenic of the five main rhesus antigens. Generally, RhD negative individuals do not have anti-RhD IgG or IgM antibodies, because anti-RhD antibodies are not normally produced by sensitization against atmospheric substances. Although RhD-negative people can make IgG anti-RhD antibody after a sensitization event: This is probably due to transfusion of blood from fetus to mother during pregnancy, or sometimes with RhD positive blood vessels red blood cells. Disease can develop in these cases.

ABO and Rh Distribution by Country

The highest frequency of blood group B is found in northern India and its neighboring central India, and in the west and east and its frequency is low. And in Spain its frequency falls to only 1 point percent. It is believed that in the original American and Australian tribal population, before these European people came to these areas, it was completely absent.

The frequency of blood group A is more frequent in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and Central Europe, although its highest frequency is found in some Australian tribal populations and Blackfoot Indians of Montana.

Other blood group systems मुख्य लेख : Human blood group systems

International Blood Transfusion Society has currently identified 30 blood group systems (which include ABO and Rh systems). Thus, in addition to ABO and Rhesus antigens, the presence of several other antigens on the surface of the red blood cell is also expressed.

For example, a person can be AB RhD positive and with this M and N may be positive (MNS system), K positive (Kell system), Le or Le negative (Lewis system), and so on. From each blood group system may be positive or negative for the antigen.

Most blood group systems were named on those patients in which the corresponding antibody was first detected.

clinical significance Blood transfusion मुख्य लेख : Blood transfusion

Blood transfusion therapy is a special branch of hematology that deals with the study of blood groups, along with the work of blood bank, which provides blood transfusion service for blood and other blood products. Worldwide, blood products like other medicines are also advised by a physician (licensed physician or surgeon).

In the United States, blood products are strictly regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

The main symptom of acute blood decompression reaction due to the wrong blood group. [69] [70]

Most of the regular blood work in the blood bank includes checking the blood of both the donor and the recipient, so that it can be ensured that the blood given to the recipient is consistent and is as safe as possible.

If a unit of incompatible blood is transferred from the donor to the receptor, severe acute hemolytic reaction involving blood decomposition (destruction of hemolysis or red blood cells) is likely to cause renal failure and trauma and death May be.

Antibodies can be very active and can attack the red blood cells and the ingredients tied to the complementary system, which leads to decomposition (hemolysis) of transferred blood.

In order to reduce the likelihood of transfusion response, the patient should receive his own blood type or type specific blood product.

Risk can be reduced by cross matching of blood, but it can be avoided when emergency needs blood. In the cross matching, the recipient's serum is mixed with a sample of the donor's red blood cells and is checked whether the mixture is undercoat, or whether its flakes are formed. If coagulation with naked eyes is unclear, then technicians of the blood bank generally use the microscope to check it. If the coagulation occurs, the blood of that particular donor can not be accumulated to that particular recipient. It is necessary in the blood bank that all blood samples are correctly identified, hence the name sheet is standardized using the barcode system. This system is also known as ISBT 128.

Blood group can be inscribed on identity cards or can be worn by military personnel as tattoo. It is beneficial in case of emergency blood transfusion.

Frontline German Waffen-SS was wearing a tattoo of blood group during World War II.

The supply of rare types of blood groups can be a problem for blood banks and hospitals.

For example, the frequency of Duffy-negative blood is higher in people of African descent, and due to the rarity of this blood group in the remaining population, Duffy Negative Blood Leaves to African Ethnic Patients.

Similarly, for RhD negative people, it is risky to travel in parts of the world where the supply of RhD negative blood is rare, especially in East Asia, where blood services encourage the Western people to donate blood. .

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) मुख्य लेख : Hemolytic disease of the newborn

A pregnant woman can produce IgG blood group antibodies if its embryonic blood group antigen is different.

This can happen when some blood cells of the embryo enter the mother's blood circulation (eg, a small maternal fetal bleeding during childbirth or obstetrical intervention), or sometimes a medicinal blood transfusion The latter happens. This can be the cause of Rh disease or any other form of blood decomposition disease to the newborn in present pregnancy and / or subsequent pregnancy. If anti-RhD antibody is found in a pregnant woman, then RhD blood type of fetus can be examined by analyzing embryonic DNA in the mother's plasma for connecting the risk of Rh disease to the embryo. One of the main achievements in the achievements of the twentieth century was the prevention of this disease by the RhD negative mother's disease by the creation of anti-Rh antibody, for which Rho (D) immune globulin was being given with the help of injection. Antibodies related to some blood groups can cause severe HDN, some others are the only cause of benign HDN and the rest are not known to produce HDN.

Compatibility Blood products

To provide the maximum benefit from each blood donation and to increase the storage period, the blood banks split the whole blood into several products. The most common of these products are packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma / FFP. To maintain unstable coagulation factors V and VIII, FFP is quickly deposited, These coagulation agents are given to patients who have a problem of lethal coagulation for some reason, such as advanced liver disease, excessive dose of suppressant need, or inflamed intravenous Coagulation (DIC).

To make packed units of red blood cells, the maximum possible plasma is removed from the whole blood unit.

Coagulation factors synthesized by modern recombinant methods are now used regularly in the treatment of hemophilia; Attempts to prevent transmission of infected blood products are used to prevent the risk.

Red blood cell compatibility

In addition to donating RBC compatibility charts to the same blood group; O blood donor can give blood to donors, A, B and AB; A and B blood group can give blood to the person AB

table note 1. Considering the absence of normal antibodies, which will be the cause of an inconsistency between the recipient and the donor, as is common to the blood selected by the cross matching.

An RhD negative patient who has no anti-RhD antibody (previously never RhD is sensitized for positive red blood cells), it can once receive RhD positive blood, but it is sensitized to RhD antigen. And a female patient will have a risk of blood decompression disease at the time of delivery. If an RhD negative patient has developed anti-RhD antibody, then there may be risk of potentially dangerous transfusion response from RhD positive blood. RhD positive blood should never be given to RhD negative women whose age is to be pregnant Or such patients can not be given blood, which have RhD antibodies. Therefore blood banks should keep Rhesus negative blood storage for such patients. If there is too much blood flow in the blood bank after extreme bleeding in extreme conditions, then RhD positive blood can be given to RhD negative female whose age is higher than the age of pregnant, Or RhD can be given to negative men when there are no anti-RhD antibodies. So that the stocks of RhD negative blood can be preserved in the blood bank.

The opposite of this is not correct: RhD positive patient does not react with RhD negative blood.

Plasma compatibility चित्र:Plasma-donation.svg In addition to donating plasma compatibility charts to the same blood group; Plasma of AB blood group can be given to individuals with A, B and O; Plasma of A and B blood group can be given to the person with O.

The receptor can receive plasma of the same blood group, but in the case of red blood cells, the donor receptor consistency is opposite to the blood plasma: Plasma extracted from blood group AB can be given to any blood group. is; People of the blood group can get plasma of any blood group; And O type plasma can only be used by O type recipients.

! Style = "width: 3em" | O! Style = "width: 3em" | A! Style = "width: 3em" | B! Style = "width: 3em" | AB | -! O | And [113] | And [114]

| And [115] | And [116]

| -! A | | Y [117] | | Y [118] | -! B | | | Y [119] | Y [120] | -! AB | | | | Y [121] |)

Tabular note 1. The abnormal antibodies in the recipient's plasma are considered absent.

Rhesus D antibody is abnormal, therefore, anti-Rh antibodies are not usually RhD in positive blood nor in RhD negative blood. If an anti-RhD antibody or any strong non-proportional blood group antibody is found in a donor during an immunization screening in the blood bank, then it will not be accepted as a donor (or blood will be taken in some blood banks but the product Will be nominated in the appropriate manner); Therefore, the donor's blood plasma released by a blood bank can be selected to be free from RhD antibodies and to be free from other nonmaterial antibodies and plasma of such donor released from a blood bank is suitable for such a recipient The RhD is positive or negative, as long as blood plasma and receptor are ABO compatible.

Universal donor and universal beneficiary

In relation to the transfusion of whole blood or packed red blood cells, people with O negative blood type are often called universal donors and individuals with AB blood type are called universal recipients; However, these words are true only in the context of the possible reaction of anti-A and anti-B antibodies to receptors of transfused red blood cells, as well as possible sensitization for RhD antigens.

Exceptions include the person with the hh antigen system (also called the Bombay blood group), which can securely obtain blood from other hh donors, because they make antibodies against the H substances.

Particularly strong blood donors containing anti-A, anti-B, or unprotected blood group antibodies are excluded from blood donation.

There is no need to consider the possible reactions of anti-A, anti-B antibodies present in red blood cells of the transmitted blood, because relatively small amounts of plasma containing antibodies are transferred,

By example: assuming that the transfusion of O RhD negative blood (universal donor blood) is being done in the recipient of A RhD positive blood group, an antibody between the recipient's anti-B antibodies and the transfused red blood cells Reaction is not expected.

However, relatively small amounts of plasma in raised blood contain anti-A antibody, which can act with A antigens on the surface of the recipient's red blood cells, but the likelihood of a significant reaction due to dilution factors Does not occur.

Rhesus D sensitization is not anticipated.

In addition, in addition to A, B and Rh D, surface red blood cells may be the cause of adverse reactions or sensitization, if they can form a immune response to generate an immune response. The transfusion becomes further complicated because surface antigens of platelets and white blood cells (WBCs) have their own systems, as a result of the transfusion may cause sensitization for platelets or white blood cell antigens.

In relation to plasma transfusion, the temperature is opposite. O type plasma can be given to O recipient only, whereas AB plasma (which does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibody) ABO can be given to any patient of the blood group

Transformation

In April 2007, a method was discovered that can convert blood types A, B and AB into O using enzymes. This method is still experimental and the resultant blood is now tested on humans. In this method, antigens present on the surface of red blood cells in particular are removed or converted, so other antigens and antibodies remain. This does not help in plasma compatibility, but it is not an issue of much consideration because the medical utility of plasma in the blood is limited and it is easy to preserve.

History

During the initial experiments with blood transfusion, two most important blood group systems were discovered: the ABO group in 1901 and in 1937. In 1945, Coombs test was developed, more blood groups were discovered by the advent of blood transfusion therapy and the disease of blood decomposition in the newborn, and 30 human blood group systems were identified by the International Blood Society (ISBT). , And more than 600 different blood group antigens have been found in 30 blood groups, but most of these are rare or are found in special ethnic groups only . Blood groups are used in forensic science and in testing paternity, but both of these uses are being replaced by genetic fingerprinting, which provide greater reliability.

Cultural beliefs

There is a popular belief in the Japanese blood type theory of blood type in Japanese culture that the person's ABO blood type seems to be the prediction of its personality, character and consistency with others. This belief is also widespread in South Korea.

Derived from the ideas of historical scientific racism, the theory reached a psychological report in Japan in 1927, and the contemporary military government conducted a study for the reproduction of better soldiers. [136]

This belief faded in 1930 due to its unscientific base. This theory has been rejected by scientists since time, but it was revived by Masahiko Nomi in the 1970s. He was a broadcaster who had no medical background. [137]

Asking someone in Japan to ask his blood type is as common as asking for the amount of it. It is a common practice to describe a video game made in Japan (especially a role-playing game) and a character in the manga series with the blood type. [138]

Further reading

External Relations

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