Dry

For other uses, see Drought (Multiple Choice).

There is a widespread lack of famine food that can be applied to any animal species. Generally, regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemics and mortality increases with this incident or thereafter. When the rainfall is low or not, for a long time (for several months or several years), it is called dry or famine. Due to drought, the affected area has very adverse impact on agriculture and its environment. This causes the local economy to collapse. Some famines in history have been very notorious, in which people have been known to be taxis.

Emergency measures of famine relief mainly include compensating micro-nutrients such as vitamin and mineralization, which are given through fortified wide powders or directly through supplementation. Instead of buying food from donor countries, aid groups have started using cash aid for payment to local farmers or providing cash vouchers to cash on hunger as the donor countries harm local food markets.

Long-term remedies include investment in modern agricultural techniques like fertilizers and irrigation, which has largely eradicated starvation in the developed world. World Bank's obligations limit government subsidies to farmers and the unpredictable outcomes of maximum use of fertilizers: It is opposed by some environmental groups due to adverse effects on water supply and housing.

Due to famine A hungry aged warrior with datrophia in 1941.

Definitions of famine are based on three different categories - on the basis of food supply, on the basis of food consumption and on the basis of mortality. Some definitions of famine are:

The lack of food items in a population is either due to lack of food or difficulties in the delivery of food; This situation may worsen due to the ups and downs of natural climate and extreme political conditions related to the oppressive government or war. The gruesome famine of Ireland was proportionally one of the largest historical famines. It started in 1845 due to the disease of potato and it also happened because food was being transported from Ireland to England. Only the British were able to pay higher prices. Recently historians have revised their estimates, according to which it was stated that how much control could be attempted by the British in reducing the famine, it was found that, generally understood as much as they Tried to help far more help. For the reason of famine, conventional interpretation until 1981 was in the form of a reduction in the availability of food (FAD). The notion that the central reason of all famines was the lack of availability of food items. However, FAD did not understand why only a special section of the population such as agricultural laborers was affected by the famine while others were untouched from the famine. The critical role of FAD has been questioned on the basis of some recent studies of famines and it has been suggested that in addition to the reduction in the availability of food items in the systems that are causing the situation of starvation at the earliest, Other factors include. According to this view, famine is a consequence of rights, this proposed principle is called "failure of exchange rights" or FEE. A person may have different types of things which can be swapped in a market arrangement in the changing of other needs of his needs. Exchanges can be done through a combination of trade or production or a combination of both. These rights are called trade-based or production-based rights. According to this proposed approach, the condition of famine comes due to the loss of the ability of the person to exchange his rights. An example of famines due to FEE is the inability to trade their principal rights by a farmer's worker, such as the worker of rice when his employment status is dormant or completely exhausted.

Some elements make a particular area highly sensitive to the famine. These include:

In some cases, such as the Great Leap Forward in China (which caused the greatest famine in the whole numbers), in the mid-1990s in North Korea or in the beginning of 2000 in Zimbabwe; Can be generated as an unexpected result of. Malawi eliminated its famine by granting grants to the farmers against the obligations of the World Bank. During Ethiopia's Wollo famine in 1973, food items were sent out of Wollo to the capital city Addis Ababa, where they could get far more prices. Residents of ethiopia and Sudanese dictators suffered heavy famine in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but despite the severe reduction in national food production in Zimbabwe and Botswana's democracies, they defended themselves. Famine in Somalia came due to a failed administration.

Many famines are born due to imbalance in food production, compared to countries with large population, whose population exceeds regional carrying capacity. Historically, the situation of famine has come due to agricultural problems such as dry, crop failure or epidemic. The untowardness of climate change, crisis, war, and epidemic diseases such as black deaths have proven to help hundreds of famines in Europe during the Middle Ages, including 95 in Britain and 75 famines in France. . Hundred years of war in France, crop failure and epidemics reduced its population to two-thirds.

Failure of harvesting or change in circumstances such as dry can create a situation by which a large number of people continuously stay there where the capacity of the land has been reduced temporarily temporarily. Famine is often associated with subsistence farming. The total lack of agriculture in a financially strong area is not the cause of famine; Arizona and other rich areas import very much of their food, because such areas produce enough financial materials for business.

The condition of famine has also arisen due to the volcanic phenomenon. In 1885, due to the eruption of the Mount Tambora volcano in Indonesia crop was destroyed all over the world and the conditions of famine were born which led to the fierce 19th century famine. The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosol and dust emitted in the upper atmosphere prevents the sun's energy from reaching the ground and cools the temperature. This system is theoretically applicable to the effects of extinction largely due to the extent of extremely large meteorites. Danger of Famine in the Future : Water crisis

The Guardian reports that in 2007, approximately 40% of the world's arable land has fallen seriously. According to UNU's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa, if the trend of decline in soil level in Africa continues, then this continent will be able to feed only 25% of its population by 2025. Prices of chickens and dairy cows and other animals feeding due to increase in farming due to use in biofuel by the latter half of 2007, as well as reaching around $ 100 a barrel of oil prices in the world. Due to this, prices of wheat (58% more), soybean (32% more) and maize (11% more) saw significant increase throughout the year. In 2007, food riots were witnessed in many countries around the world. An epidemic of stem rust which is devastating for wheat and is caused by the Ug99 species, in 2007 it spread throughout Africa and Asia.

In the beginning of the 20th century, in order to partly combat famine, nitrogen fertilizers, new pesticides, desert farming and other agricultural technologies began to be used to increase food production. Between 1950 and 1984, when the Green Revolution influenced agriculture, global food production increased by 250%. Most of this edge is non-sustainable. These agricultural technologies had temporarily increased the crop yield, but at least until 1995 there were indications that they could cause lack of agricultural land (such as the persistence of pesticides that contaminate the soil Enhances and reduces the available area for farming). Developed countries have partnered with these technologies with developing countries with problems of famine, but ethical limitations exist to promote these technologies in relatively less developed countries. For this, often a combination of inorganic fertilizers and deficiency insecticides is attributed.

Senior researcher of the Ecology and Agriculture at Cornell University, David Pimentel and senior researcher at the National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition (INRAN), Mario Giampietro, USA, for a sustainable economy in his study Food, Land, Population and the US Economy The maximum population is at 200 million. Studies say that in order to achieve an enduring economy and to avoid disaster, the United States must reduce its population by at least a third and reduce the world's population to two-thirds. The authors of this study believe that the aforementioned agricultural crisis will start affecting us after 2020 and by 2050 it will not be endangered. Arriving at the peak of upcoming global oil production (and subsequent fall in production) as well as reaching the highest peak of North American natural gas production will likely increase the agricultural crisis more quickly than expected.

Geologist Dale Alan Pfeifer claims that in the coming decades, food prices can be seen without any respite in the form of progressive growth and globally such a massive starvation that has never been experienced before. The problem of water scarcity, which is already promoting heavy import of foodgrains in many smaller countries, it can soon be able to achieve the same situation in big countries such as China or India. Due to the widespread use of powerful diesel and electric pumps, water level is decreasing in many countries (including North China, US and India). Pakistan, Iran and Mexico are among the other affected countries. This will ultimately cause the water scarcity and cutting of grains. Even with excessive pumping of its aquifers levels, China has developed a grain deficit which contributes to pressure on grain prices. By the middle of this century, most of the three billion people born around the world are likely to be born in such countries which are already facing water scarcity.

After the China and India, there are relatively few other countries in the second category of battles related to water shortage - Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Mexico and Pakistan. Four of these countries have already imported a large portion of their grains. Only Pakistan is partly self-reliant. But due to the growing population of 4 million every year, it will soon have to move to the world market for grains. According to the United Nations Climate Report, the Himalayan glaciers which are the major water sources of dry-season for the largest rivers of Asia - Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangjiang, Mekong, Salween and Yellow, to increase the temperature and increase human demand Causes may disappear by 2035. Later it came to know that the source used in the United Nations Climate Report has actually been said not to mention 2035 but to 2350. Nearly 2.4 billion people live in the land surrounding the drainage route of Himalayan rivers. India, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar can face floods in the coming decades after severe drought. Only in India, the river Ganga provides water for drinking and farming to more than 500 million people. Symptoms of famine

Famine affects the sub-Saharan Africa countries most badly, but due to excessive consumption of food resources, excessive drainage of ground water, war, internal conflict and economic failure, famine remains a problem for the world, whose Hundreds of millions of people have to face. Such famines cause large scale malnutrition and poverty; The death toll in Ethiopia's famine in the 1980s was overwhelming, although in the Asian famines of the 20th century, people were also killed at large scale. Modern African famines are identified by the widespread lack of malnutrition, especially in the death rate of young children.

Relief technologies including immunization have improved the provision of supplementary feeding for public health infrastructure, general food ration and vulnerable children, this has reduced temporarily in the mortality related effects of famines whereas their economic results Has been left unchanged and does not solve a very large underlying issue of a regional population relative to food production capacity Has been. Humanitarian crises are also caused by genocide campaigns, civil wars, floods of refugees and extreme violence and episode of the fall of the empire, resulting in a famine situation among the affected population.

Despite the alleged intentions repeatedly repeated by world leaders to eliminate starvation and famine, famine remains a chronically threatened part of Africa and most parts of Asia. In July 2005, the Famine Early Warning Systems Network labeled emergency status to Niger as well as Chad, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Somalia and Zimbabwe. In January 2006, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations warned that 11 million people were on the brink of starvation in Somalia, Kenya, Djibouti and Ethiopia due to the combined impact of severe drought and military conflict. [2] In 2006, the most serious humanitarian crisis in Africa was in the Darfur region of Sudan.

Some people believed that the Green Revolution was an appropriate answer to famine in the 1970s and 1980s. The Green Revolution began with hybrid varieties of high-yielding crops in the 20th century. Between 1950 and 1984, when the Green Revolution changed the map of agriculture around the world, global grain production increased by 250%. Some people criticize this process and say that these new high-yielding crops require more chemical fertilizers and pesticides which can harm the environment. Although it was an option for developing countries suffering from famine. These high-yielding crops make it technically possible to provide food to more people. Although there have been indications that regional food production has reached the peak in many areas of the world due to the excessive exploitation of ground water and excessive use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals associated with wide-scale agriculture. / p>

Francis Moore Lapé, who later became the co-founder of the Institute for Food and Development Policy (Food First), argued in Diet for a Small Planet (1971) that vegetarian diets were compared with non-vegetarian diets. Can provide food for a large population.

It is noteworthy that the situation of modern famines is sometimes misplaced by misguided economic policies, poor political populations, or in the margins created by political designs or war acts, political economists The political conditions under which investigation of famine can be stopped. Amartya Sen says that with the liberal institutions present in India, competitive elections and a free press have played a major role in preventing famine in the country since independence. Alex de Vaul has developed this theory to focus on "political engagement" between rulers and the public, which ensures the prevention of famine, in which it has been mentioned that the rarity of such political agreements in Africa and the danger that International Relief Agencies will undermine those contracts by removing the accountability status for the famines from the national governments. Effects of famine

The demographic impact of famine is acute. Mortality remains concentrated among children and the elderly. A consistent demographic fact is that in all the famines recorded, male mortality is higher than women, even in those populations (such as Northern India and Pakistan) where men generally get long life benefits. For these reasons, under the pressure of malnutrition, more and more women's flexibility and possibly women's naturally high percentage of fat can be included. Due to famine, fertility is also reduced. Therefore, famine affects the core of reproduction of a population - adult women - less than other categories of population and identities of periods after the famine are often identified as "predestination" with increased birth rate. Despite that the principles of Thomas Malthus predict that famines reduce the size of population according to available food resources, in fact even the most severe famines have also been rarely developed for the population for more than a few years. Has weakened. In 1958-61 in China, in 1943 in Bengal and in 1983-1985 Ethiopia had brought the mortality rate back to an increasing population in just a few years. The long-term demographic impact is emigration: after the famine of the 1840s, Ireland's population was significantly reduced due to the emigration wave. Food insecurity levels मुख्य लेख : Famine scales

In modern times local and political government and non-governmental organizations who provide famine relief have limited resources, through which they have to deal with different situations of food insecurity. Thus, in the most effective way of food relief materials, various methods of categorizing food security classification are used. One of the earliest methods is the Indian famine code prepared by the British in the 1880s. The three phases of food insecurity were listed in the code: almost stiffness, deficiency and famine, in addition to this, they were later extremely effective in the famine of warning or measurement systems. There are three levels in the pre-alert system developed in Northern Kenya to monitor the residential areas of the people, but each phase is associated with a predefined reaction to reduce the crisis and weaken it.

In the 1980s and 1990s, as a result of the experience of famine relief organizations around the world, at least two major activities came up: "The approach of livelihood" and the greater use of nutrition indicators to determine the severity of any crisis. . Efforts will be made to combat it by limiting the consumption of consumption by individuals and groups in the stressful situations of food content, which can be alternative medium of supplementary income, before trying out the depressing measures like selling plots of agricultural land. When all the medium of self-help is taken, then the affected population starts migrating in search of food or becomes a victim of complete hunger strike. Thus, famine can be partly seen as a social phenomenon in which markets, food items prices and social assistance structures are involved. A second prepared lesson was to provide a quantitative measurement of the severity of famine, especially the maximum use of acute nutrition assessments in children.

Since 2004, many of the most important organizations involved in famine relief, such as the World Food Program and the American Agency for International Development, have adopted a five-level scale to measure the magnitude and magnitude. The scale of intensity uses both livelihood measures and mortality and child malnutrition measurement to classify any situation as food safe, food insecure, food crisis, famine, severe famine and extreme famine. The number of deaths determines the name of the magnitude in which less than 1000 casualties define a "minor famine" and the result of a "scary famine" results in deaths of more than 1,000,000 people. Famine action Famine relief मुख्य लेख : food security

Attempts to bring modern agricultural technologies found in the West, such as nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides in Asia, were called Green Revolution, which resulted in the same reduction in malnutrition as seen in the first western countries. It was possible due to the existing infrastructure and institutions whose supply is very low in Africa such as a system of roads or public seed companies which provide seeds. By helping farmers through measures such as providing free or subsidized fertilizers and seeds in food insecure areas, crop harvesting increases and food prices are low.

The World Bank and some wealthy countries put pressure on countries which depend on them for the purpose of reducing subsidized agricultural commodities such as fertilizer or getting help in the name of privatization, despite the fact that The United States and Europe have widely given concession to their own farmers. If not many farmers, many farmers are so poor that they are not in a position to buy fertilizers at the market prices. For example, in the case of Malawi, about five million people of its 13 million population need constant emergency food assistance. However, after the government changed its policy and after giving concessions for fertilizer and seeds, farmers produced record-breaking corn harvest in 2006 and 2007, which increased from 2005 to 2005 in comparison to 1.2 million in 2007. This reduced the prices of food items and increased the remuneration of agricultural laborers. Malawi became a major exporter of food items, compared to any other country in South Africa, to the World Food Program and to the United Nations to sell most maize. Proponents of farmers' helpers include economist Jeffrey Sachs, who have supported the idea that wealthy nations should invest on fertilizers and seeds for African farmers. famine relief मुख्य लेख : famine relief

Micro nutrient deficiencies can be arranged through strong food items. Strong foods such as peanut butter pouches (see Plumpy 'nuts) and Spirulina have revolutionized the arrangement of emergency food in situations of human emergency because these can be eaten directly with packets, packet refrigeration or rare for them Blending with clean water is not required, they can be stored for years and the most important Hn is that they can be extremely well to seriously ill children. In the 1974 World Food Summit of the United Nations, Spirulina was declared 'the best food for the future' and its crop every 24 hours makes it a powerful means to eradicate malnutrition. Apart from this, complementary items such as Vitamin A capsules or Zinc tablets are used to treat diarrhea in children.

A growing understanding among support groups is that giving cash or cash vouchers instead of food to provide assistance to hungry is an economical, fast and more effective way, especially in areas where food supplies are available But it is not possible to buy it. 'United Nations World Food Program, which is the largest non-governmental distributor of food products, it had announced that it would start distributing cash and vouchers in some areas, instead of food items, which was done by WFP Executive Director Joset Sheeran In the field of "revolution". Support agency Concern Worldwide is conducting an experimental study of a method through a mobile phone operator, Safaricom, SafariCom operates a fund transfer program through which cash is provided from one part of the country to the other.

However providing food content for people living far away and having limited access to markets may be one of the most appropriate ways to help. Fred Cuny said that at the beginning of any relief operation, the chances of saving lives are greatly reduced when food is imported. As long as it comes to the country and reaches people, many people are victims of death. "US law requires that food should be bought from the country instead of the place of hunger, it is unimpressive Because almost half of the amount spent is transported in. Fred Cuny further noted that "the recent studies of each famine have shown that the food content Available only in the country - although it is not always in the adjoining areas of lack of food content "and" Despite this, according to local standards prices are so high that poor people can not afford it, usually for a donor Instead of importing stored food from abroad, buying at increased rates would be far more economical. "

Ethiopia is promoting a program which has now become a part of the World Bank's prescribed prescription to face the food crisis, and it is by the aid organizations to help one of the best of the hungry nations Was seen in the form. Through the country's main food aid program, Productive Safety Net Program, Ethiopia provides an opportunity for rural residents to work for food or cash, which has been struggling for a long time due to lack of food. Foreign aid organizations, such as the World Food Program, were able to buy foods locally from the food grained areas for distribution in the areas of food-deficient areas at that time. Historical famine, according to region For more information see: List of famines

During the 20th century, an estimated 70 million people were killed due to famine worldwide, out of which 30 million people died in China during the famine of 1958-61. The other most notable famines of the century, the 1942-1945 disaster in Bengal, the famine of China in 1928 and 1942, a series of famines in the Soviet Union, along with the Soviet famine of 1932-1933, was imposed on USSR in 1932-33. Stalin's famine is involved. There were some droughts in the late 20th century: the Bifrons famine in the 1960s, the famine of Cambodia in the 1970s, the famine of Ethiopia in 1984-85, and the famine of North Korea's 1990s. Famine in Africa Malnourished children in Niger during the famine of 2005.

22nd century BC There was a sudden and short-term climate change in the middle of which caused less rain, resulting in drought in Upper Egypt for several decades. It is believed that the resultant famine and civil conflict have been a major cause of the collapse of the old empires. A description of First Intermediate Period says, "In entire Upper Egypt, deaths were caused by hunger and people were eating their children." During the 1680s, the famine had expanded in the entire Sahel and in 1738, half of the population of Timbuktu became the victim of premature death. Egypt had to face six famines between 1687 and 1731. The famine that destroyed Egypt in 1784, its sixth part of its population had to die. At the beginning of the 18th century and even more nineteenth, Magreb suffered a fatal threat of plague and famine. Tripoli and Tunis faced famine in 1784 and 1785 respectively.

According to John Iliffe, "Portuguese records of Angola of 16th century show that on an average every seventy years there is a fatal famine, along with one-third or half of the population due to epidemic disease. Cheeks would have destroyed the demographic development of one generation and the colonists were forced to return to the river valleys. "

Historians of African famine have documented repeated famines in Ethiopia. Probably the worst conditions were born in 1888 and subsequent years because the epizoatic Rinderpest stretched by infected animals in Iritia began spreading southwards and eventually reached South Africa away. In Ethiopia, it was estimated that more than 90 percent of the country's livestock had died, so that the rich farmers and the cow had lost their livelines overnight. Apart from this, Al Nino Oscillation, the human pandemic of smallpox, and tremendous war incidents in many countries occurred simultaneously with drought. Ethiopia's gruesome famine that persecuted Ethiopia from 1888 to 1892 had largely lost its one-third of its population. In Sudan, in these cases and in the case of the extravagance imposed by the Mahadist regime, the year 1888 is remembered as the worst famine in history. Colonial "peace settlement" attempts often lead to severe famine, for example, in 1906, with the suppression of former former rebellion in Tanganyika. Forgetting the introduction of cash crops like cotton and forcing them to pressurize the farmers to grow these crops also made farmers poor in many areas like Northern Nigeria, due to which the possibility of famine will occur in the face of severe drought in 1913. There was more and more. Although for the middle part of the 20th century, farmers, economists and geographers did not consider Africa as sensitive to famine (they were more concerned about Asia). There were many notable responses such as the famine of Rwanda during the Second World War and the famine of Malawi in 1949, but most famine suffered from the problem of localized and short-term food shortages. The black shadow of famine only reappeared in the early 1970s when Ethiopia and West African Sahel faced drought and famine. Ethiopian famine of that time was closely related to the crisis of feudalism in this country, and at the same time it proved to be helpful in the cause of the emperor Haley Selassi's downfall. The Sahelian famine was associated with the gradual growing crisis of pastures in Africa, which saw decrease in animal husbandry as a practical way of living for the last two generations.

Since then, African famine has become more frequent, more comprehensive and more serious. Many African countries are not self reliant in food production, which depend on cash crops for the import of food items. Agriculture in Africa is highly susceptible to the fluctuations in climate, especially drought, which can reduce the amount of food produced locally. Other agricultural problems include soil erosion, land erosion and erosion, swarm of desert locusts, which can destroy the entire crop and include diseases of animals. It is said that the Sahara Desert is expanding at a rate of up to 30 miles per year. The most severe famine is due to the combined causes of drought, misguided economic policies and conflict. For example, the famine of 1983-85 in Ethiopia was the result of all these three factors, which made the censorship of the emerging crisis worse by the communist government. At the same time, due to the drought and economic crisis, the then government of President Gafar Nimeri refused to lack any food content, gave birth to a crisis that probably killed 250,000 people - and it gave rise to a famous rebellion In which he overthrew the power of Nimari.

There are several factors that weaken the situation of food security in Africa, including political instability, military conflict and mismanagement and business policies in the operation of civil war, corruption and food supplies, which harm African agriculture. . An example of famine caused by the human rights abuses is the Sudan famine of 1998. AIDS is also putting long-term economic impact on agriculture on the available workforce and by giving excessive weight to the poor families, it is giving new potential dangers to the famine. On some occasions on occasion, famines in modern history of Africa have worked as a major source of acute political instability. If the current trends of population growth and degradation of soil continue in Africa, then this continent will be able to feed only 25% of its population by 2025, according to UNU's Institute for Natural Resources in Africa located in Ghana. / p>

Recent examples include the Sahel drought of the 1970s, the famine of Ethiopia in the mid-1973 and the mid-1980s, the late famine of the late 1970s and the famine of 1990 and 1998. The 1980 famine in Karamoza of Uganda was one of the worst famines in history in the case of mortality. In this 21% of the population had died, in which 60% of newborns were included. [3]

In October 1984, television reports from around the world showed footage of Ethiopian people whose condition was centered around a food distribution center near the city of Koream. BBC Newsrider Michael Burke presented a heart-warming commentary on October 23, 1984, which he described as a "biblical famine". It inspired a band ad solo, which was organized by Bob Geldof and featured more than 20 other pop stars in it. In London and Philadelphia, live add music programs raised more money for this effect. According to an estimate, 900,000 people died in a year due to famine, but it is believed that the amount of tens of millions pounds raised by Band Aid and Live Aid reached the deaths of approximately 6,000,000 other Ethiopian people Was saved. Originally if the aid of Band Aid and Live Aid had never reached, then the number of those who died from Ethiopian famine could be as high as 7,000,000 or up to a quarter of the population of that time. Cases since 2000 मुख्य लेख : 2005–06 Niger food crisis Lorry Suleyl and a newborn son, who took three-year-old daughter on the MSF aide center during the 2005 famine of Mardi Niger,

Nigerian food crisis of 2005-06 was a serious but local food security crisis in the areas of northern Maradi, Tahoua, Tillaberi and Zindar of Niger. This situation arose due to the end of the rainy season of 2004, the loss of some pasture lands by the desert grasshopper, high food prices and chronic poverty. 2.4 million out of 3.6 million people in the affected area are considered highly vulnerable to food insecurity. An international assessment says that more than 800,000 of these people are facing extreme food insecurity and another 800,000 are in minor insecure food conditions which need help. मुख्य लेख: 2010 Sahel famine

The European Commission's Assistance Group told Thursday that the 2010 famine of Sahel influenced millions of people in Niger and in the south of the Sahara Desert, after the loss of agriculture due to uncertain rain in the countries of Sahel region, the entire West Africa Had to face the shortage of food items. They told about countries like Niger, Chad, Northern Burkina Faso and North Nigeria that due to irregular rainfall in the agricultural season in 2009/2010, there has been a significant reduction in food production in these countries. He said that in order to mobilize support, strong leadership will be needed by the United Nations and the rest of the international community. "If we work very fast, we will not create a situation of famine long enough, and if we do not do this then there will be a serious danger."

On July 6, experts from the Methodist Relief and Development Fund (MDRF) said that due to the intense hot winds that lasted for one month in entire Niger, Mali, Mauritania and Morocco, more than 1,500,000 Nigerians began to suffer the threat of famine. Was there. A fund of about 20,000 pounds was distributed to the distressed countries of Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso and Mauritania. Food Security Enhancement Initiative

Against a background of traditional interventions through the nation or the market, alternative steps have been taken to tackle the problem of food security. An example of this is "an approach of development based on community sector" ("CABDA") for agricultural development, which is an NGO program run in Africa to provide an alternative approach to increasing food security. CABDA interacts with specific areas such as the beginning of dry-resistant crops and new methods of food production, such as agricultural forestry. In the 1990s, the practice of experimental practice in Ethiopia has spread to Malawi, Uganda, Eritrea and Kenya. In an analysis of this program's Overseas Development Institute, CABDA has been focused on focusing on individual and community capacity-development. It enables farmers to influence and accelerate their own development through community driven institutions which bring food security status to their homes and areas. Famine in Asia Cambodia

In the capital name Penh, Khemir Ruz entered in 1975 and took control of Cambodia. Under the leadership of Poll Pat, the new government has implemented the basic ideals of communism, sending all urban dwellers to work in rural areas in the fields of community farms and civil works. Due to the untoward assistance and due to the death of 75% of the livestock in the last four years of war and the work done in the inspection of agricultural guidelines and enthusiastic cadre written by idealists, the country will soon fall into a famine crisis. No international relief came as long as the Vietnamese army did not release the country in 1979. When Pole Pat was in power, one to three million people died out of eight million populations. Many were killed and most of them died due to malnutrition and excessive fatigue, and then due to inappropriate and careless government officials the situation of famine arose. China : Great Chinese Famine चित्र:Engraving-FamineRelief-China.gif Officer in relieving Chinese famine relief, 19th c. Inscribed picture

Chinese scholars have calculated the events of 1828 famine in some prefecture from 108 to 1911 BC - on average, almost a famine is per year. In a fierce famine between 1933 and 1937, 6 million Chinese died. Four famines that came in 1810, 1811, 1846 and 1849, it is said that at least 45 million people were killed in them. Due to drought and famine due to Taiping rebellion in 1850 to 1873, China's population decreased by more than 60 million. The bureaucracy of China's Qing Dynasty paid wide attention to reducing the famine, El Nino - South Due to the related drought and floods, there is credit for avoiding famine events. These incidents can be compared to the ecological events of the 19th century's extensive famine in China. (Pierre-Etienne Will, Bureaucracy and Femin) Qing China made relief efforts, which included sending large quantities of food grains and it was a requirement that the rich opened their stores to regulate poor and value, and it As part of the guarantee of subsistence to the farmers, (known as Ming-Sheng).

In the middle of the nineteenth century, when a tense empire withdrew from the state management and grains were sent directly for economic donation, then that system was over. Thus, it was successfully overcome by the famine of 1867-68 under the reconstruction of Tongaji, but in 1877-78 the famine that occurred in large northern China came as a result of the drought that came in northern China. The population in Shanxi province began to decrease significantly, because the grain had been exhausted and the hungry people had deserted the forests, farms and their houses for food in desperation. The estimated death rate is 9.5 to 13 million persons. (Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts). Great Leap Forward (Big Jump) मुख्य लेख : Great Leap Forward

The Great Famine is the Great Leap Forward Famine of China's 1958-61, of the 20th century, but of the era of all times. The immediate reason of this famine was the attempt of Mao Zedong to transform China into a miserable whole by merely a major leap in the form of an industrial nation from the agricultural nation. Cadre of the Communist Party in whole of China used to insist that farmers should abandon their fields for collective cultivation and start production of steel in small factories, many times their farming tools also melted in this process. Demonstrations discouraged labor and resources in agriculture; unrealistic schemes of decentralized metal production damaged the necessary labor, adverse weather conditions and community dining rooms encouraged the consumption of food grains available. (See Chang Ji and Wen Ji (1997) "Communal Dinning and the Chinese Famine 1958-1961"). The focus on information-control and excessive pressure on the party cadre was such that only the right news report was given - as if the production target was completed or the production was even higher - the information of increasing destruction was effectively pressed Was given. When the leadership happened to know about the situation of the famine, he did little work as a response and continued his ban on any kind of discussion on this dilemma. This comprehensive action of suppressing news was so effective that some Chinese were aware of the seriousness of the famine, and that information of Mahavinash of that 20th century was in silence, only twenty years later, only the curtains of censorship began to emerge. .

It is estimated that from 1958 to 61, the death rate increased from 36 to about 45 million, with 30 million in the number of those who were canceled or pending. When the famine brought its results in a vivid form, Mao overturned agricultural collective schemes and effectively ended them in 1978. China did not experience any major famine since 1961, and did not experience any famine. India मुख्य लेख : Famine in India

India was also quite vulnerable due to crop failure due to almost completely dependent on monsoon rainfall, and the situation of the famine became serious. There were 14 cases of famine between 11th and 17th centuries (Bhatia 1985) in India. Due to the great famine between 1022-1033 in the form of great famines all the regions of India were almost demolished. In the famine of Deccan, at least 2 million people died in 1702-1704. B. M. Bhatia believes that earlier Akalis were localized and after 1860, the general lack of food grains in the country in British rule was related to famine. Around 25 major devastation occurred in the late 19th century in Tamil Nadu in the south and in the states of Bihar and Bengal in the east. 1972, a child suffering from excessive starvation in India.

Ramesh Chandra Datta in 1900 and current era scholars such as Amartya Sen agree that some famines recorded in history were the unequal rainfall and the combined benefits of those British economic and administrative plans, in which 1857 To convert it to planting of ownership, bans on internal trade, to support the UK for Afghanistan's campaign, the Indian Heavily on Rikon (see second included Anglo -afgan War), inflationary measures that increase in food prices and export from India in a significant amount of staple food in the UK. (Dutt, 1900 and 1902, Srivastava 1968, Sen 1982, Bhatia 1985). Some British citizens, such as William Digby, agitated for planning reforms and famine relief work, but the then Viceroy of India, Lord Lytton, opposed these changes because they were supposed to encourage workforce in Indian workers. The first famine in Bengal which occurred in 1770, estimated that approximately 10 million people died, which was one-third of Bengal's population of that time. Other notable famines include the Great Famine of 1876-78, which killed 6.1 million to 10.3 million people, and Indian famine from 1899-1900, in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. Famine of 1943-44, Bengal, continued till independence, 1947, although there was no failure to get any crop, but 1.5 million to 3 million Bengalis were killed during World War II.

By the observation of the Famine Commission in 1880, the fact that the food shortage for the famines is not as accountable as the distribution of food grains. They found that in every province of British India which included Burma, there was excessive of foodgrain and annual surplus was 5.6 million tonnes (Bhatia 1970). During that time, annual export from rice and other grains to India was about one million tons.

Bihar was also on the verge of famine in the year 1966, when the United States allocated 900,000 tonnes of grain to deal with the famine. As a result of three years of drought in India, approximately 1.5 million deaths were caused by hunger and diseases. Japan

According to a governing body, there were at least 130 famines during the Edo period between 1603 and 1868, of which 21 were notable. Middle East

As an example, Iraq faced famines in 1801, 1827 and 1831. A great famine occurred in Anatolia in 1873-74, which killed hundreds of thousands of people.

It is believed that in the large Persian famine that took place in 1870-1871, 1.5 million people died in Persia (today's Iran), which represents the total estimated population of Persia 20-25 percent of 6-7 million .

Lebanon was heavily dependent on food imports from abroad, so during that World War I, the country was in a more delicate situation in the case of grains. At the end of the war, 100,000 of Lebanon's 4,50,000 population died in the famine. North Korea मुख्य लेख : North Korean famine

Due to unprecedented floods in North Korea during the mid-1990s, famine came. This urban industrial society with self-reliant economy has achieved self-sufficiency in foodgrains by its industrialization through large-scale agriculture in its earlier decades. Nevertheless the econometric system relied on the support of large discounted fossil fuels obtained from the Soviet Union and the Republic of China. But when the Soviet Union disintegrated and China's market mechanism became stricter and oriented on the basis of full cost, the economy of North Korea was faltered. In the delicate agricultural sector experienced major failure in 1995-96, and from 1996-99 there was a famine. It is estimated that 600,000 people die from hunger (according to other estimates, this number is from 200,000 to 3.5 million). So far, food self-sufficiency has not come to North Korea and it relies on external food aid received from China, Japan, South Korea and the United States. While Wu Cummings has focused on FAD of the famine, Moon argues that FAD has taken the framework of incentives towards authoritarian rule, which has forced millions of people deprived of the franchise to die of hunger ( Moon, 2009). Vietnam

There have been many famine in Vietnam. Due to occupation of Japan during World War II, famine in Vietnam came in 1945, resulting in 2 million deaths, which was 10% of the then population there. At the time of the Vietnam War, during the country's integration, Vietnam lacked foodgrain in the 1980s, which prompted many people to leave the country. Famine in europe Western Europe अधिक जानकारी के लिए देखें: Medieval demography and Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

The gruesome famine of 1315 to 1317 (or until 1322) was the first major food crisis that kept Europe in the 14th century. Millions of people died in northern Europe for many years, famine destroyed the 11th and 12th century prosperity. Famine began with bad weather in the spring of 1315 and the extensive loss of crops continued till the summer of 1317, due to which Europe did not recover till 1322. This period was largely remembered as a period of criminal activity, diseases and genocide, infanticide and inattentiveness. This famine left its influence in the churches, states, European societies and the disasters of the future in the fourteenth century. During that time Medieval Britain was affected by 95 famines, and France was affected by 75 or more famines. In the famine of 1315-6, at least 10% of the population of England or at least 500,000 people were killed. An engraving of Goya tragedy war, showing women starving, showing an engraving inspired by Madrid in 1811-1812.

The 17th century was a period of change for food producers in Europe. For centuries, they were in the feudal system as farmers who were living on agriculture. They were indebted to their owners, who had the privilege of land that their farmers had got. The owner of the manor used to take a portion of the crop and livestock produced throughout the year. Farmers generally used to try to minimize the work done in agricultural production. Their bosses put very little emphasis on them to increase food production, when the population started to grow, only then the farmers themselves started increasing the production. More land was used for plowing till no land was left and farmers were forced to adopt more labor-based methods. As long as they had enough food to feed their family, they liked to spend time doing other things like hunting, fishing or resting. It was not necessary to produce more than the food they could eat or store for themselves.

During the 17th century, there was an increase in market-driven agriculture keeping the trend of previous centuries. Farmers in Western Europe, especially those who had lent land to earn profits from the land, and the wage laborers became increasingly commonplace. It was in their interest to produce as much as possible the product to sell as much as possible in the demand area. Every year they increase the crop whenever they can. Farmers paid their labors for the money, it encouraged commercialization in rural society. This commercialization has a profound effect on the behavior of farmers. Farmers were interested in increasing the labor input on their land, and not to reduce the input like farmers who were living on agriculture.

Farmers living on agriculture have also been forced to commercialize their activities due to the rising taxes. Taxes were to be paid to the Central Government in money, which forced the farmers to sell their crops. Many times they produced industrial crops, but they found many ways to increase production to meet their food requirements and tax obligations. The farmers also used this new money to buy used goods. Agriculture and social development promoted food production which continued to take its place in the entire 16th century, but in the seventeenth century when Europe found itself in opposite conditions for food production in the beginning of the seventeenth century, it became more direct- At the end of the Sohlvi centenary, there was a period of decline in the temperature of the earth.

In the 1590s, the most horrendous famine of many centuries was seen throughout Europe, except in certain areas, especially the Netherlands. During the 16th century the famine had become rare. As it is seen mostly during the long period of peace, continuous development has been registered in the economy and population. Since the farmers try to distribute the work to more and more people, the population of farmers who live on agriculture also almost always increases. Although in intensive populated areas such as northern Italy, farmers had learned to increase the yield of their land with technologies like Promiscuous culture, but they were still insecure from the famines, which forced them to work more deeply on their land. .

Famine is extremely unstable and devastating incidents. The possibility of starvation forced the people to take risky steps. When there was a lack of food items, they started compromising with long-term prosperity for short-term life. Due to the decreasing production in later years, they started killing their burden animals. They compromise the next year's crop with the hope that they will get more seeds, they also eat their seeds of seeds. Once these devices started to finish, they got a new road in search of food. They went to the cities where traders were expected to sell food items from other areas because purchasing power was higher in rural areas in the cities. Relief programs were organized to maintain order in the cities and the grain was brought to the public. Due to the disappointment and dilemma of the migrants, the crime was also increased. Many farmers started pouring dacoity to get enough food.

A famine often came with many difficulties in the latter years due to lack of seed or interruption in routine or lack of labor. Famines were often considered as divine anger. Akalis were seen as taking away the gifts given by God to the people of the earth. In the form of famine, a detailed procession and religious acts were started to avoid the wrath of God.

By the fierce famine of 1590, the time of famine began and the decline in the 17th century, like the population, the prices of grains also increased throughout Europe. Various people became unsafe due to poor irrigation in various areas in 1590. The increasing number of workers in rural areas was also unsafe because they did not have their own food and did not have enough money to buy them in a bad crop year. The workers of the towns were also in danger because their wages were also inadequate to meet the price of the grain, they used to get less wages in the year of bad harvest because the rich used to spend their available income to buy grains. Often, unemployment resulted in an increase in the prices of grains, which resulted in a constant increase in the number of urban poor people.

All regions of Europe, especially the rural areas, were badly affected by the famine during this period. The Netherlands, which was successful in avoiding the worst effects of famine, but the year 1590 was also tough on there. Amsterdam grain trade (with Baltic) for which the architectural famine was not reduced, guaranteed that in the Netherlands there would always be something to eat, though starvation was strong.

At this time the Netherlands had the most commercialized agriculture in Europe, many industrial crops such as flax, hamp, and hopes were being grown. Agriculture became more and more specialized and efficient. As a result, increased productivity and wealth helped the Netherlands to maintain regular food supply. By 1620, the economy had grown even more, so the Netherlands had been able to survive the problems of famine and even worse.

The second round of famine spread across Europe was seen around 1620. Though their gravity was generally very low compared to the famines of twenty-five years ago, they still had a very serious form in many areas. The terrible famine of 1696, which was possibly the most devastating famine after 1600, had killed one-third of the country's population in the face of death. [4] pdf (589 KiB)

There were two major famines in France between 1693 and 1710, and it eliminated more than 2 million people. In both cases, due to poor crop failure, demand for food supply has worsened more during the fight.

Even Scotland suffered famine in the late 1690s, due to which some parts of Scotland saw a decline of 15%.

The famine of 1695-96 gave up nearly 10% of Norway's population. In Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland) between 1740 and 1800, the crop was reported to have been badly damaged in at least nine times, each of which resulted in good death in the mortality rate. Increase was seen.

During the 1740-43, extremely cold winters and droughts were seen in summer, due to which famine spread throughout Europe and death rates increased steadily. (Written by Davis, Late Victorian Holocaust, page 281) It is likely that the cold winter of 1740-41, due to which large-scale famine spread in northern Europe, is due to a volcanic eruption. >

The Great Famine, which lasted from 1770 to 1771, destroyed about one-tenth of the population of the Czech Republic, or 250,000 inhabitants, and there was a change in the rural areas which gave birth to peasant revolutions.

In other parts of Europe, the famine has been coming too long. France faced famine in the nineteenth century. Famine has also been occurring in eastern Europe during the 20th century.

The frequency of famine can change with climate change. For example, during the short-glacial period of the 15th century to the 18th century, the frequency of European famines increased steadily in comparison to the previous century.

Due to frequent famine in many societies, it has been a major topic of concern for governments and other authorities for a long time. In pre-industrial Europe, preventing famine and ensuring supply of food on time was one of the main concerns of many governments, due to which they were able to control price control, to buy food stocks from other areas, Distribution Controls and Production Controls have been implementing various measures. Most of the governments were worried about famine because it could give rise to rebellion and other forms of social dissolution.

Famine returned to the Netherlands during World War II, known as the Hogwarventer. This was the last famine of Europe in which approximately 30,000 people were victims of starvation. In some other regions of Europe, famine was also experienced at the same time. Italy

Crop failure proved to be quite devastating for the northern Italian economy. The economy of the region was able to recover from the last famine, but the famine from 1618 to 1621 came only during the war period. The economy was not fully recoverable for centuries. Serious in the last decade of 1640s in northern Italy and less severe famine in the 1670s.

In a report of 1767, in northern Italy, it was said that there was a famine in 111 years out of the last 316 years (i.e. 1451-1767) and only sixteen years had yielded good results.

Stephen L. Dyson and Robert J. According to Rowland, "Caliari's Jesuits [in Sardinia] have described some of the years of the end of the 1500th century" during which during such a horrible starvation and vandalism that most people resort to wild trees to save their lives "It is said that ... ... it is said that during the terrible famine of 1680, about 80000 people died from the total population of 250,000 and entire village villages were devastated ..." England

In 1536, laws related to poor were started in England, in which the rich people of the area were asked to put the legal responsibility of discharging the poor there. The English agricultural industry was backward from the Netherlands, but by 1650, it had commercialized its agricultural industry on a widespread scale. The last famine of peace in England came in 1623-24. There was still a lot of starvation seen in the Netherlands, but there were no more famines like before. Despite the growing importance of potatoes in the food of the poor, the growing population kept constant pressure on food security. Overall, food security increased from potatoes in England, where they could never take the place of bread as the main food of the poor. The probability of this was that the climate conditions are fatal for both wheat and potato crops. Iceland

According to Bryson (1974), there were thirty-seven years of famine in Iceland between 1500 and 1804.

In 1783, the volcano Laki broke out in South Central Iceland. Direct damage to lava did not increase, but nearly three-fourths of the animal was destroyed due to the spread of ash and sulfur dioxide in the whole country. After that famine, about ten thousand people were killed, which was one-fifth of the then population of Iceland. [Asimov, 1984, 152-153] Illustration of the victims of the Great Famine Famine in Ireland, 1845-1849

Iceland also had a potato famine between 1862 and 1864. Although fewer people know about it than the Irish Potato Famine, Iceland's potato famine was also caused by the same disease that had devastated most of Europe during the 1840s. Approximately 5 percent of Iceland's population died in the face of famine. Finland

The country has witnessed severe famine and in the famine of 1696-1697, one-third of the population was killed. Because of the Famine of Finland in 1866-1868, 15% of the population died in death. Ireland : Great Irish famine

The Irish government's Vig government policies, led by Lord Russell, were largely responsible for the terrible famine of 1845-1849. Most of the land in Ireland was owned by the Anglican people of English origin, which were not related to the cultural or racially Irish population. Landlords were known as Anglo-Irish and they did not feel any hesitation in using their political influence to provide assistance to their tenants and in fact they claim to claim more land for this highly profitable cattle grazing As seen in the possibility of the Irish people either died or had migrated. In response to the problem of food crisis in Ireland, the British government had left it entirely to fix the market forces. In fact, as the British had forcibly taken possession of land for centuries from the indigenous Irish people, Irish people had fewer means of livelihood besides some of the land reserved for potato cultivation. Potatoes were made by the Irish because it is a very high calorie yield per acre. Even if the Irish were able to get other crops, they would not be able to compensate the whole population by the allotted allotted land, only potato crop could do it. Ireland was a pure food exporter of foodgrain during the famine, while the British Army used to protect ports and food depots from the hungry population.

Its immediate impact was 1,000,000 deaths and 2,000,000 refugees flee to Britain, Australia and the United States. After the famine has passed, the barrenness created by famine causes the economy to fall below 100 years of total population degradation and emigration, driven by landowners driven by the economy. The population of Ireland, which was only half of the total population of pre-famine at that time, increased in re-growth only after the 1970s (half a century after the independence of most part of Erin). This was the period of decline in the Irish population after the famine when the population of Europe doubled and the English population grew fourfold. Due to this the population in the country was greatly reduced. The period of decline in population in the most affected areas (west coast) of the country by famine continued even till 150 years of economic policy of the 1990s - ie famine and British government's laissez faire Before the famine, Ireland's population was slightly more than half of the population of England. Today it is less than 10%. Ireland's population is 5 million, but Irish people have more than 80 million people outside of Ireland. Which is sixteen times the size of Ireland's population. The hungry Russian children during the famine almost all around 1922. Russia and the Soviet Union मुख्य लेख : Famines in Russia and USSR

According to Scott and Duncan (2002), "Eastern Europe has witnessed more than 150 recorded famines between 1500 AD and 1700 AD, whereas in Russia 971 AD to 1974 AD, 100 years of starvation and There have been 121 years of famine. "

The Russian empire is known for drought and famine every 10 to 13 years, from which the average of drought is 5 to 7 years. Between 1845 and 1922, there were eleven major famine in Russia, of which the famine of 1891-92 was the most fierce. Famine continued in the Soviet era, out of which, in the winter of 1932-33, Holodomor was the most notorious in the various parts of the country, especially in the Akola, Volga, Ukraine, and northern Kazakhstan. Today it is believed that the Soviet famine of 1932-1933 was estimated to have killed 6 million people. The last major famine in the Soviet Union was in the year 1977, which was due to the severe drought and mismanagement of grain stores by the Soviet government.

Due to the siege of Leningrad (1941-1944) of 872 days, there was a unique famine in the Leningrad region due to the disruption of supplies, water, energy and food supply. As a result, one million people died. Famine in Latin America

The American people of Columbus have often suffered severe food shortages and famines. The decline of the continuous drought and the fall of the Maya civilization occurred around 850 AD and the famine of the forest rabbit was a major mausoleum of Mexico.

In 1877-78, Brazil's grenade ceca (fierce drought), which was recorded so far, is the worst famine in Brazil, in which nearly five lakh people died. Drought of 1915 was also devastating. Also see them

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