Eurasian Tree Sparrow

The Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Passer Sparrow is a psereine bird of the family with the upper part of the head and the back of the neck is red-brown and there is a black spot on every wholly white cheek. Both of these species have same wings and the young birds look like a small form of adult birds. Sparrow birds reproduce in most temperate Eurasia and Southeast Asia, where these trees are known as Sparrowas and have been sent to other areas, including the United States, where they are distinguished from the native and unaffiliated American tree sparrows. For the name of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow or German Sparrow is known. Although many of their sub-species have been identified, but the color of this bird does not change too much between its wide subspecies.

The filthy nest of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow is made in any natural cottage, which can be a hole in the building or a big nest of Magpie (Mutti) or stork bird. Ideally, they give 5 to 6 eggs in a clutch, which mature in two weeks. This sparrow relies mainly on seeds for their food, but they also make their food invertebrates, mainly during the breeding season. As with other small birds, they are also prone to infection with parasites and predisposition by diseases and predatory birds, usually their life span is 2 years.

The Eurasian Tree Sparrow is found very much in cities and towns of East Asia, but in Europe these birds are found in open rural medium wild areas only, while House Sparrow is found in most urban areas. Due to the wide range of Eurasian Tree Sparrow and the large population, it does not fall under the category of endangered birds globally, but their population has declined significantly in Western Europe, to some extent it is due to changes in the agricultural system, under which The use of botanical chemicals is increasing and the stub cold-rooted land is declining. In Eastern Asia and Western Australia, in some places this species is seen as a harmful organism, although it has a broad significance in eastern art.

description

The Eurasian Tree Sparrow is 12.5-14 cm (5-5½ inches) long, its wings are spread around 21 cm (8.25 in), and weighing 24 grams (0.86 oz), which it is from the domestic sparrow Makes about 10 percent smaller. The upper part of the head of the adult bird and the back of the neck is dark brown and both are completely kidney-shaped black spots on white cheeks; The chin, neck and neck and beak are also black in color. The upper part is light brown and has black stripes, and on their gray wings there are two thin and clear white strips. Their feet are faded brown and in the summer, their beak becomes the color of a blue lead, which almost turns black in the winter.

The sparrow is also different in its species as there is no difference between the male and female between the feathers; Young birds also look similar to an adult bird, although their color is somewhat faded. The uncommon form of its face makes this species easily recognizable among other species; Domestic male sparrows and other differences between them, their small figure and brown color, not gray and upper part of the head. Adult and young Eurasian Tree Sparrows pass through the slow-release release process in the autumn and despite the reduction in accumulated fat, show an increase in body weight. This change in their weight is due to the increased amount of blood and the excessive amount of aquatic component in the body to help in the development of active feathers.

The Eurasian Tree Sparrow does not have its own special song, but its vocabulary contains the stimulating types of tachip's tone, this tone is devoted to the pair, or it is done by the protagonists. Other monochromatic vowels are used by them during social interaction, and during the flight, there is the sound of hard texts. In a comparative study of the acclaimed Missouri population and a vocabulary made between Germany's birds, it appeared that the number of common masses spoken between the birds of the United States was low and in comparison to the European Sparrow in their population There was excessive of the vowel structure. This can be the result of the small size of the original North American population and the lack of genetic diversity. Classification Domestic sparrow and the vivaran of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow from System Natura

The species of sparrow of old time Passer was a group of small Pasirine birds, whose origin is from Africa and found in 15-25 species based on the evidence. Ideally, its members are found in open, light wild areas, natural habitats, although many species, mainly the House Sparrow (P. Domesticus) have been adaptable to live in human habitat dwellings. Ideally, most of its species are 10-20 cm (4-8 in) long, they are predominantly brown or gray, whose tails are small and square and their beak is small and conical. These are predominantly groundnuts and seeds, although they also make their in-vitreous food, especially during the breeding season. Genetic studies have shown that the Eurasian Tree Sparrow separates itself from other Eurasian members of the species, even before the genealogy division of House, Pegu and Spanish Sparrow. Eurasian species are not very closely related to the American Tree Sparrow (Spitzella Arboria), which is an American sparrow.

The binary name of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow is derived from two Latin words: Passer, "Sparrow" and Montanus, "taken from the mountains" (Mons: Mountain). The first description of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow is Karl Linnaeus In 1758, Sistema Naturae ez Fringilla was performed in Montana, but along with the House Sparrow, it was soon removed from the Finch's family and members of the new species Passer Which was created by the French zoologist Muthurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. The common name of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow has been kept by it as a nest to give priority to trees, both of these names and the name of the zoologist name Montantes It can not specifically explain the species's relativistic p : the German name Felds Pearling ("Field Sparrow") again. In some lands nearby. Species Nominated M.P. Montanus original image inverted

There is no special difference between the birds of this species in their wide range, and all the differences identified by Clement between the eighth pre-species are also very subtle. Proposals for at least 15 and sub-species are pending, but they are considered to be intermediates of listed breeds. Distribution and Accommodation Trees in the open country are often used as parches

The natural breeding area of ​​the Eurasian Tree Sparrow is 68 ° North latitude (in the north, the summer season is also very cold and the average temperature of July is 12 ° C) Most temperate Europe and Asia and Southeast Asia By expanding to Java and Bali. In the past it was breeding in Faros, Malta and Gozo. In South Asia, it is found mainly in the temperate regions. Most of the birds in this wide range are inactive but the reproductive population of the far north corner migrates to the south during the cold season, and some leave southern Europe to go to North Africa and the Middle Eastern regions. The eastern sub-species, P. M. Dindhyutas, goes to the coastal Pakistan in the cold and thousands of birds of this breed go to Eastern China in autumn.

The Eurasian Tree Sparrow has been included in other areas other than its core area, but it could not get compatibility at all places, possibly due to competition from the domestic sparrow. It has been successfully incorporated in Sardinia, Eastern Indonesia, Philippines and Micronesia, but in New Zealand and Bermuda it could not be rooted. These birds were brought in by ship and settled in Borneo. In Gibraltar, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Israel and Dubai, this bird is found in the form of a natural stroller bird.

In North America, about 15,000 birds have settled in the vicinity of St. Louis and neighboring areas of Ileannos and southeastern Iowa. The birds are descendants of 12 birds imported from Germany and who were left there as part of the project to increase the number of native North American avifauna at the end of April 1870. In its limited United States, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow has to struggle with the domestic sparrow in urban areas and therefore it is mainly found in parks, farms and rural forests. The US-based population of these birds is sometimes also called "German Sparrow", so it is used to differentiate it from the native American tree sparrow and quite prevalent "English" house sparrows. Urban nest on a wooden house roof tile in Japan

In Australia, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow is found in Melbourne, towns of North Victoria and some centers in the Riviera region of New South Wales. This is a prohibited species in western Australia, where it is often brought by ships from Southeast Asia.

In spite of its scientific name, passer montanus, it is not ideally a mountain species, and it can reach a height of only 700 meters (2,300 feet) in Switzerland, although it is 1,700 meters (5,600 feet) in the Northern Caucasus and In Nepal, up to the height of 4,270 meters (14,000 feet) is also found. In Europe, they can be found in mounds on shores, in empty buildings, in cut cane trees near slow water sources, or in open countryside areas of small secluded wild areas. The Eurasian Tree Sparrow prefers to make its nest near the wetland and avoids breeding on deeply processed agricultural land.

When the Eurasian Tree Sparrow and its Large House Sparrow live in the same area, then the house sparrow usually breeds in urban areas, while the small, Eurasian Tree Sparrow makes its nest in the rural areas. Where there are fewer number of trees, such as Mongolia, these two species can also use man-made spots to make their nests. The Eurasian Tree Sparrow is considered to be a rural bird in Europe, but it is an urban bird in East Asia; In both southern and central Asia, both passer species can be found near towns and villages. In some Mediterranean areas, such as Italy, Tree Sparrows and Italian or Spanish Sparrow can be found in settlements. In Australia, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow is mostly an urban bird, and there the domestic sparrow is found in most habitats. Behavior and Ecology Reproduction A kid Passer montanus

The Eurasian Tree Sparrow receives breeding adulthood within one year of maturing eggs, and ideally makes its nest in an ancient tree or rock cloth. Some nests are not in this type of quota, but they are also made in the hanging roots outside the thorn bush or any other kind of bush. The roofs of houses are also used to make their nests, and in tropical areas, it can make their nest in the top of palm trees or in the porch of a porch. This species can also breed in the domes of the Magpie (Mutton) bird, in the domesome and unused nests, or the use of unused or unused sticks of a large bird such as white storks, white-tailed eagles, fish eating falcons, black eagles or gray hues Can also use a nest-shaped nest. It can also try to take possession of nests on occasional holes or other birds, such as Barn Swallow, House Martin, Sand Martin or European B-Eater, at the consolidated places.

Their couples can lay eggs in solitude or in uninhabited settlements, and they also use boxes applied to give them eggs with readiness. In a Spanish study, the rate of egg laying was much higher than the eggs in wooden box (33.5% compared to 76.5%) in wood made of wood and concrete mix (woodcut) and in woodcut The breeding birds used to be early, their time was reduced, and the number of reproduction according to the reproductive season was also high. There was no difference between the number of egg and chicks given at one time by giving them eggs in boxes, but the success of breeding in the birds of woodcrafts was high because it was probably because synthetic nests of wood 1.5 degrees was warmer than nests.

In the summer season, the male bird sounds near the nest, through which it reveals the ownership of the nest and attracts the couple for themselves. It can also take the nesting material to the nest hole. Their performance and nesting are repeated in the autumn. In the autumn, these birds give p to the old Eurasian Tree Sparrow nests, especially those nests where the chickens have matured with eggs. The empty egg-laying box and the sparrow or the other birds giving eggs in the hole, such as Titus, Pied Flycatchers, or places used by ordinary Redstart, are used very rarely for autumn performance. A woodchart nest box

Their unsightly nesting nest is made of pallet, grass, wool or other materials and is covered with feathers, which increase thermal insulation. A complete nest is made of three layers; Base, wingspan and dome. They generally give 5 to 6 eggs at a time (sometimes more than 4 in Malaysia), they range from white to pale gray and have spots, small grains or spots; It is 20 x 14 mm (0.8 x 0.6 in) in size and 2.1 oz in weight, 7 percent of its weight is the weight of its armor. Both of them are eggs and eggs, before 12-13 days before coming out of the nadiposhi, nude chicks, and after 15-18 days they become losers. Two or three children can be grown each year, birds that reproduce in settlements give more eggs during their first reproduction compared to one joint but their exact opposite is true for their second and third reproduction. Females who are more conjugate often give more number of eggs and their time of incubation is relatively small, so the conjunction with the pair is an indication of the fertility of the couple. In these, there is a lot of freehand sex, according to a study done in Hungary, in the more than 9 percent of the chicks, the father was an extra male and 20 percent of the chicks had at least one extra-added young bird. >

Hybridization between the Eurasian Tree Sparrow and the House Sparrow has been recorded in many parts of the world, in these male hybrids match the Eurasian Tree Sparrow whereas the female birds match more than the House Sparrow. In the Eastern Ghats of India, a breeding birds population, which has been included, can also be hybridized with the domestic sparrow. During at least one such occasion, a mixed couple gave birth to a fertile youth. The occurrence of a wild hybridization with Spanish Sparrow, P. Hispaniolensis was recorded in Malta in 1975. Diet In feeder

The Tree Sparrow is primarily a seed and food-eating bird which eats as a group on the ground, usually with a house sparrow, a small song or a birdcatcher. It consumes grass seeds, such as chikweed (sapling), brown and granulated grains, it can also go to places that provide food for peanuts. It also consumes invertebrates, especially during the reproduction period when young bird cubs are mainly dependent on animals for their food, they eat insects, termites, ears, jaws, goose-ear, spiders, and harvestsmen.

The adults go to different types of wetlands in search of invertebrates to blossom their chicks, and the watery place plays a major role in the diversity and availability of invertebrate organisms, resulting in the full length of breeding of this multiple egg species During the period, chicks are successfully reared. The vast areas of pre-farms now do not provide invertebrates because of intensive agriculture, and there is no impact on the selection of nesting place by the availability of any supplemental seed meal within a distance of 1 km from the place of nest, There is no effect on the number.

In the winter, the sources of seeds are the main reasons for limiting their activity. During this period of the year, each individual bird makes a linear dominance sequence in a group, but there is no strong relation between the shape of the neck stain and the position in this dominance sequence. This is exactly the opposite of the domestic sparrow; In their species, the struggle for dominance by display of neck stains is reduced, the size of this stain of the neck is the work of the indicator "mark" for qualification only.

Predictive risks affect their diet plans. According to one study, the greater distance between the shelter and the source of food means that the birds go to nutrients in small groups, spend less time on it, and are more careful when away from the shelter. Sparrow can be "productive", eat food while searching directly for food or as a "explorer" with other members of a group who have already discovered a source of food. The possibility of obtaining food in the most well-known food sites is more likely, although it is not due to the increase of Anti-Poverty Alertness. One possible explanation for this is that in the search of food, at the risky places only those birds will go, which will reduce the level of fat accumulation. Survival Sparrowhock is a widespread predator

Those who predominate tree sparrows include many types of falcons, shikars and owls, such as the Eurasian Sparrow, ordinary Kheramuthia, small owls, and sometimes tall eared owls and white storks. During its autumnal release, it does not appear to be prone to increased danger of predation, despite the low number of flying wings. Their nests can be attacked by Eurasian Magpie, Jess, Leish Weasels, rats, cats and compressed snakes, such as Horseshoe Whip Snake.

On these birds and their nests many insects of birds develop, and the Kutki of Nemidocoptees species is also known to afflict the population, which leads to wounds in their feet and thumb. The parasite of birds by a blow-fly larva called Protocaalifora is an important fact of the mortality rate of the newborns. The size of the egg does not affect the mortality of the newborn but the chickens born from large eggs grow quickly.

Tree sparrows also cause bacterial and viral infections. Bacteria have been found to play an important role in not having matured eggs and the rate of mortality of the newborns, and their death due to salmonella infections leads to death, this phenomenon has been recorded in Japan. Avian malaria parasites have been found in many populations of these birds, and H5N1 samples were found in birds of China, which are highly toxic for chickens.

The immune response of the Tree Sparrows is less robust than the domestic sparrow and it is considered as a cause of greater aggression of the domestic sparrow. House Sparrows and Tree Sparrows often fall prey to road accidents in central, eastern and southern Europe. Their maximum recorded age range is 13.1 years, but their ideal life span is of 3 years. Event Winter fodder is a seasonal food resource

The series of Tree Sparrows is overwhelming, which is currently incomplete; Worldwide, its total population is also unknown, but on an estimated basis it contains 52-96 million birds in Europe. Although its population trend has not been evaluated, but it is believed that the decline in the population of this species has not reached the border line that it should be included in the IUCN redlist (i.e., 10 years Or more than 30 percent of the population decline in three generations). For these reasons, the conservation status of this species has been evaluated as the "least concern" at the global level.

Although the Tree Sparrow is expanding its area in Fenoscandia and in Eastern Europe, but its population is declining in most Western Europe, this trend is also reflected in other farmland birds such as teak birds, corn bunting and northern Lapwing From 1980 to 2003, the total population of ordinary farmland birds has declined by 28 percent. This fall in population is more serious in Great Britain, where there was a decline of 95 percent between 1970 and 1998, and this is also serious in Ireland because there are only 1,000-1,500 pairs of them remaining. In British islands, this type of decline can be due to natural fluctuations, for which tree sparrows are known to be known. With the decline of the population, their reproductive capacity has improved considerably, indicating that the reason for their decline in population is not lacking in their reproductive capacity and their existence is a major concern of concern. The large decline in the number of tree sparrows is probably due to the expertise in intensive agriculture and agriculture, especially the use of small vegetable killer chemicals and the process of sowing of crops in the autumn (at the expense of those crops sown during the summer). Which provides light grass farmland in the winter). Due to the change in expertise, due to the change in agriculture and the increasing use of pesticides, the available food in the form of small insects has also decreased for newborn birds. Relationship with humans Horticulture destructive insect, a common asparagus beetle is a hunting item

In some areas, the Tree Sparrow is seen as a harmful bird. In Australia, it destroys many grains and fruit crops and degrades grain crops, animal fodder and stored food by its defecation. The quarantine rules prohibit the deportation of this species in Western Australia.

Chairman Mao Zidong, who is from China, tried to reduce the incidents of crop destruction by Tree Sparrow in 1958, which was equivalent to 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) of each bird per year, for this They transferred three million people and planted cakes and dogs, which tire birds to the extent of death. Although successful in the beginning, The "Great Sparrow Campaign" later ignored the number of locusts and other harmful insects that were eaten by the birds as food and by this the production of crops fell, it promoted the famine situation. Which killed 30 million people between 1959 and 1961. It was used by the Tree Sparrow to feed the insects in the form of food as it used to control pests of fruit trees in agriculture and to control common asparagus, Krioseris achargi. Extensive description from Hokusai Suzumey Odori

The tree sparrow depicting the art of China and Japan is happening since ancient times, often depicted by Hiroshige in the form of a plant splitter or as a flying group, in its depiction of eastern artists. In which it has been placed in the postage stamps of Antigua and Barbuda, Central African Republic, China and the Zambia. Its more precise descriptions have been made in postal stamps in Belarus, Belgium, Cambodia, Estonia, and Taiwan. Due to the fluttering of the wings by this bird, a traditional Japanese dance was born, The Susum Odori, which was portrayed by artist Hokusai.

In the Philippines, where it is known as Maya, Tree Sparrow is the most popular bird in the cities and many urban Filipinos consider it to be the national bird. The former national bird of the Philippines (which is the Philippines eclipse since 1995) is the black-headed Munia, it is another species known as Maya. Work quoted Related to this article in Wikisource, the original text is available: Sparrow

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