Samuel F.B. Morse

Samuel Finley Breeze Morse (27 April 1791 - 2 April 1872) was an American who created a single-wire telegraph system and a Morse code. And they are also known (less famously) as a painter of historical scenes.

Birth and education Morrison's Birthplace, Charlestown, MA ca. 1898 photo

Samuel F. B. Morse was born in Charles Town, Massachusetts, the first child of a geographer and pastor Jedida Morse (1761-1826) and Elizabeth Ann Finley Breeze (1766-1828). Jedidiah Kelvinist was a great preacher of religion and was a supporter of the American Federalist Party. They considered this party not only a patron of Puritan traditions (strict compliance with Sathath) but also believed in the idea of ​​a treaty with Britain in relation to a strong central government.

Jedidi put together a composite framework for his son's studies, along with Kelvinist's deep faith in the virtues, ethics and prayer. After studying at Philips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, Samuel Morse joined Yale College, where he studied in science related subjects of religious philosophy, mathematics and horses. During the study in Yale, he participated in the statements made by Benjamin Franklin and Jeremiah Dey on the subject of electricity.

He earned money through painting. In 1810, he graduated with Yale from Phi Beta Kappa honors with a bachelor's degree. Painting The Chapel of the Virgin's Subiaco

Evidence of Morgan's Calvinist views is found in his painting The Landing of Pilgrims, in which ordinary veneer and rigid gestures of the face have been painted.

This picture depicts the Fédéralist's psychology; From England, the Calvinists brought ideas related to religion and government to the United States, which always combined the two countries. Mainly, this special work drew the attention of the famous artist Washington Alston. Elston wanted to go with him to England and meet the artist Benjamin West. An agreement was reached with Jedidia that according to his decision to stay in England for three years, the young man Morse left the ship on July 15, 1811 for Lydia.

By reaching England, Morse worked hard to improve his painting techniques under Alston's supervision; By the end of 1811, he was enrolled in the Royal Academy. At the Academy, his ideas turned to Renaissance's new classical art and he looked closely at Michelangelo and Rafael. After observing and practicing on their live pictures, this young artist successfully prepared his masterpiece The Dying Hercules.

For some people, The Dying Hercules appears to represent a political interpretation against the British and American Federalists.

Muscles are a symbol of the power of young and vibrant United States against British and British American supporters.

When Morse was in Britain, American and British people were engaged in the war of 1812 at that time and there was division in the United States society regarding loyalty. The anti-federal elements of America joined with France and began to hate the British and believed that a strong central government could become a threat to democracy. (

3) As the war went on, his letters to his parents were showing their anti-Federal views. In one such letter Morse said, "I think that the Federalists of the Northern states have inflicted more damage than the French with their fierce rebellion.

Their actions are duplicated in English newspapers, read in parliament and distributed throughout the country and what they say about them ............ they They call them (federalists) cowardly, low caste people, they say that the countries are traitors and they should be hanged like traitors. " Morse in your youth

Although Jedidiya did not change his political views, but he influenced Morse in a different way. It is certainly clear that Jedidiah's Kelvinistic views were another major part of Morse's other important English work Judgment of Jupiter.

Jupiter in the clouds is with his eagle, his hands are above the parties and he is pronouncing the judgment. Marposa's sense of humor is shown with shame and malice, who is apologizing and is dedicating herself to her husband's arms. Idas, who politely loves Marpea, is eagerly moving forward to pick her up, while Apollo is stunned by her surprise ... she is surprised at the unexpected decision (5) ...

It may be indicative that Jupiter is a symbol of God's power, which is keeping an eye on its every move. Through this picture, Morse is teaching morality on infidelity. Although Marpsa is a victim, he realizes that their infinite salvation is necessary and they have turned their backs in the wrong ways. Apollo does not regret his actions, but he appears standing in a confused state. In the early nineteenth century, many American paintings show religious elements and colors, but Morse was the most prominent among them.

Through the Judgment of Jupiter, Morse has expressed his support for ideas against his Federalarism while retaining his spiritual elements.

This work represents American nationalism through Calvinism, because these individuals expelled from England contributed to the British expulsion (in 1776 and now in 1812) and to create an independent democratic society. West wanted to present this picture in another Royal Academy exhibition; Unfortunately the time had expired. He left England on August 21, 1815 and started his full-time career as an American painter.

In the years 1815-1825, Morse's paintings developed a lot, in which he was trying to express the essence of America's culture and life. He had the distinction of making a portrait of former fidelist President John Adams (1816). He wanted them to be part of big projects and got this opportunity from a feud between the Federalist and Anti-Fellelist at Dartmouth College. Morse was successful in making a photograph of Judge Woodward (1817) who presented the Dartmouth case before the American Supreme Court and College President François Brown.

He demanded a commission in Charleston, South Carolina (1818). The painting of Mrs. Emma Question of Morses was a symbol of the greatness of Charleston. For some time it seemed that this young painter was doing a great job for himself. (7)

Between 1819 and 1821, Morse experienced a huge change in his life. Commission in Charleston was terminated at the time when there was a financial recession in the city. Jedidi was pressured to resign from his ministerial post because he had failed to stop the crack between Calvinism.

A new branch was formed in the name of Congregational Unitarian, which was anti-federal and rejected, because people had different views about slavery. Although he respected his father's religious views, he sympathized with the monks. A prominent family who began to follow Neo-Calvinism was the picking of Portsmouth, which was painted by Morse.

This image can be seen as a tilt towards Anti-Federalism.

One person could argue that he was completely infected with anti-Federalism when he was appointed to make a photograph of President James Monroe.

Monroe became a Jeffersonian democracy and for this he used to favor more common man than the elite; Later, he insisted on the origins of Andrew Jackson. (8) Mrs. Daniel de Saussure Bacot, an illustration of Morse's illustration

There were two important commissions which, after returning from New Haven, formed the career of Morse's art till the establishment of the National Academy of Design. The Hall of Congress (1821) and Marquis de Lafayette (1825) confused Morse's feeling of democratic nationalism. This artist decided to make a picture of House of Representatives in order to show the activism of American democracy.

The Washington D.C. to create an image of the architecture of new buildings. They came, carefully cited eighty people in the painting, and they believed that one night's view would be appropriate. He successfully balanced the architecture of the Rotunda with the Figurines and the light of the lamp was shown as the main point of this work. People in the picture, people standing alone, standing on the desk and working at the desk were shown depicting them, they were portrayed very simply, but their faces were particularly reflected. Morse chose the night time instead of the day to reflect the dedication of the Congress towards the principles of democracy.

However, the Hall of Congress failed to portray the crowd in New York City.

Perhaps one of the main reasons for this disappointment was the declaration of the independence of John Trumbull, which gained popularity in 1820.

Perhaps some people did not admire the internal system of the American government (9).

Morse received great respect for the painting of Marquis de Lafayette, who was the main supporter of the American Revolution. They wanted to create a grand picture of a person who announced the establishment of a free and independent America.

In his picture, he has shown Lafayette with a beautiful sunset, in which three platforms have been shown, two of them depict Benjamin Franklin and George Washington and the third is preserved for them. Below them is a peaceful wooden slope, which marks the American peace and growth after fifty years.

The discussion of growing friendship and revolutionary war between Morse and Lafayette, influenced this artist after returning to New York City. (10).

Morse lived in Europe for three years until 1830-1832, and during this time he increased his skills in painting and traveled to Italy, Switzerland and France. Eventually, the project he chose was to paint the famous 38 paintings of Laura in a single canvas (6 ft. X 9 ft), which he gave the title of The Glory of the Laurie, when he returned to America to complete this work Was planned. After this, during the visit to Paris in 1839, Morse met Louise Dagure and began to take interest in his latter's daguerreotype, which was the first practical tool of photography.

Morse wrote a letter describing this invention to the New York Observer, which was widely published in the American Press and it spread a lot of awareness. Telegraph (telegram) Original Samuel Morse Wire

In 1825, New York City gave Morrison $ 1,000 to make a picture of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette in Washington.

While making this painting, an angel riding on horseback brought his father's letter, in which only one line was written, "Your wife is dead". Morse immediately left for Washington to his home in New Haven and left the picture of Lafayette incomplete.

When he arrived there, his wife had been buried. When he came to know that his wife's health was bad and she died alone and if she was unaware of it, her heart broke and her attention shifted from drawing and went towards the discovery of a device that would be able to reach a longer distance Any news can be delivered faster.

During his ocean journey to home in 1832, Morse met Charles Thomas Jackson of Boston who was well-educated in electromagnetism. Seeing various experiments on Jackson's electromagnet, Morse developed the concept of single-wire telegraph and they forgot the Galerie of the Loure. Morse's original telegraph with patent application has been placed at the Smithsonian Institute in the National Museum of American History. From the same time Morse Code became the primary language of telegraphy in the world and is still valid for the rhythmic transmission of data.

William Cook and Professor Charles Wheatstone had already reached the stage of starting a professional telegraph, but they were able to start it later.

In 1836, in England, Cook started an electrical telegraph four years after Morse, but it was more financially resourceful. Cook left his primary subject body physics. And created a small electrical telegraph within three weeks.

Wheatstone was also experimenting with telegraphy and (mainly) understood that a single large battery can not take a telegraphic signal up to a longer range. And it was also understood that numerous small batteries in this work would be more successful and effective (Wheatstone was working on the initial research of Joseph Harry, an American physicist).

Cook and Wheatstone made a partnership and patented the electrical telegraph in May 1837, and within a short span of time, they had provided a 13-mile (21 km) telegraph wire to the Great Western Railway. However, in a few years, the signaling system of several wires of Cook and Wheatstone was overtaken by Morse's finest system.

In a letter to his friend, Morse described a challenge to protect his patent on the electromagnetic telegraph. Http://www.telegraph-office.com/pages/vail.html (1848). I have kept an eye on the activities of the highest unofficial pirates so far, my entire time has passed in this defense, I have tried to raise the legal evidence that I am the inventor of the electromagnetic telegraph.

!! Can you believe ten years ago that any question can be raised on this subject? '

Morse had to face the problem of carrying a telegraphic signal to more than a few hundred yards of wire.Their success came from the insights of Professor Leonard Gale, who was a chemistry teacher at New York University (Joseph Henry's personal friend Were).

With the help of Gail, Morse was soon able to send a message through ten miles (16 km) wire. It was a great success of Morse. Along with Morse and Gale, soon joined an enthusiastic young man, Alfred Vel, who was highly skilled, full of insights and wealthy. Morse's telegraph now started developing very fast.

In 1838, Washington, D.C. In the journey, they failed to obtain federal sponsorship for a line of telegraphs. After that Morse went to Europe to get both sponsorship and patent, but he found in London that Cook and Wheatstone have already been installed there.

Morse needed financial support from Congressman Francis Ormond Jonathan Smith.

Morse made his last visit to Washington, D.C., in 1842, telling about his telegraph in such a way that he "displayed wires in between two committee rooms in Capitol, showed them the arrival and arrival of the message". ³ Congress in Washington, D.C. in 1843 And between Baltimore, Maryland, approved $ 30,000 for constructing an experimental 38-mile (61 km) telegraph line on the direct path between Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. An effective experiment was made on 1 May 1844 when news of the nomination of the Whig Party's Henry Clay nominated for the U.S. President was passed by the Telegraph to the Capitol Building in Washington with the party's convention in Baltimore. On 24 May 1844, the line was officially opened, Morse sent the famous words "What has God wrought" through the wire from Mount Claire station in B & B to the Capitol Building in Baltimore. These words were taken from the Bible (Numbers 23:23) and they were selected by Anne Ellsworth, who was the daughter of U.S. patent commissioner Henry Levitt Ellsworth, who encouraged the invention of Morse and also helped fund it . First telegraph office

In May 1845 Magnetic Telegraph Company could be distributed to the lines of telegraphs from New York City to Philadelphia, Boston, Buffalo, New York and Mississippi.

Once, Morse also adopted the idea of ​​Wheatstone and Carl August Won Sthenheim that an electrical telegraph signal be transmitted through a water body or through a steel railroad track or through a conductor. To get the right to be called the "inventor of the telegraph", he tried a lot to win the lawsuit and tried to show himself as an inventor, but Alfred Vele also played an important role in the invention of Morse Code, The magnetic telegraph was based on the former code.

Samuel Morse received a patent for the telegraph in 1847 in Old Bellerbee Palace (now at the same place as the Belberby Palace in 1861-1865), which was issued by Sultan Abulmesid, who had personalized Newly tested new search.

In 1850, Morse went to Copenhagen and saw the Thorvaldsens Museum, where the grave of Shilpi was in the inner court. King Frederick VII welcomed him and awarded him the Order of the Danebrog. Morse expressed his desire to the king that he wanted to present his paintings of 1830. The Thorvaldsen painting of the current is related to Margaret II of Denmark.

Morse's telegraphy equipment was officially adopted in 1851 as the standard for European telegraphics. Britain (including its British Empire) became the only major part of the world where other forms of electrical telegraph were widely used (they continued to use the needle telegraph invention of Cooke and Wheatstone).

There is a difference among historians that Morse had obtained the idea of ​​a competent telegraph from Harrison Gray Dyer eighteen years ago by getting his patent.

According to a report published in the New York Times on April 3, 1872, in addition to being appointed as a member in various science and arts associations in the US and other countries, Morse received the following honors: Honor of the Ateik Nishani-Iftikhar (English: Order of Glory) [First Medal Morse is shown above the medal], a set of diamonds from Sultan Ahmed I ibn Mustafa of Turkey, Prushi King 's (1851) was a golden snuff box containing the Prussian gold medal for scientific merit; The Great Gold Medal of Arts and Science from the King of Wootemberg (1852); The Great Gold Medal of Arts and Sciences (1855) from the Austrian Emperor; A cross of Chevalier in the Légion d'honneur from the French emperor; The Cross of a Night of the Order of the Danebrog by the King of Denmark (1856); Order of Isabella the Catholic Cross of Night Commander by Queen of Spain Other awards include the Order of the Tower and Sword (1860) from the Portuguese Empire; And in Italy in 1864 Italy honored him with the status of great cavalier Maurice and Lazarus. Samuel F. B. The engraved image of Morse was taken by Matthew Brady in 1866. Medal with the right (left to right, top row: Nichon Iftikhar (Ottoman); Order of the Tower and Sword (Portugal); Order of the Danebrog (Denmark); Gold Medal for Arts and Sciences (Württemberg); Gold Medal for (Austria); Order of Saints Maurice and Lazaras (Italy). Bottom line: Order of Isabella of the Catholic (Spain). later years

In the United States, Morse's Telegraph's patent remained for many years, but this was not given much attention and controversy continued.

In 1853, a case of patent was presented to the Supreme Court, after a very lengthy investigation, Chief Justice Roger B. Tenny ruled that Morse was the first person who first conjugated the battery, electromagnetism and converted the electromagnet and the correct battery configuration into a functional practical telegraph. Nevertheless, despite this obvious decision, Morse has not yet received any official recognition from the United States government. In collaboration with the American Ambassador in Paris, the attention of European governments was drawn to how they have neglected him for a long time despite using Morse's discovery. At that time there was a widespread belief that something must be done and "in 1858, the governments of Morse in France, Austria, Belgium, The Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, Sweden, Tuscany and Turkey had 400,000 French francs (which were equivalent to approximately 80,000 at the time) ), Each of these countries gave their shares according to the number of instruments of Morse being used in their country, "

Still no recognition was given to him in the United States. This cycle continued till 10 June 1871, when a bronze statue of Samuel Morse was inaugurated at Central Park, New York City. In addition, an engraved image of Morse appears on the back of America's paper currency, on the silver certificate chain of 1896, in the $ 2 value category. He is depicted with Robert Fulton. An example can be seen in the "American Currency Exhibit" on the website of San Francisco's Federal Reserve Bank. Samuel F.B. Murray's statue created by Byron M. Pichtt, dedicated to New York's Central Park, in 1871.

In his memoir, a blue metal plaque is made in 141, Cleveland Street, London, where he stayed from 1812 to 1815.

In addition to the telegraph, Morse discovered a marble cutting machine that could carve three-dimensional statues in marble or stone. Morse could not patent it due to the present 1820 Thomas Blanchard design.

In the 1850s, Morse became known as the patron of the American Institution of Slavery, considering it to be standardized.

In his essay "N Argument on the Ethical Position of Slavery," he wrote:

My cult is low on the subject of slavery. Slavery is not sin. It is a social situation that has been started from the beginning of the world for its wisdom, good and disciplined divine wisdom. Therefore, keeping slaves is a situation in which there is no moral character except to be a guardian, a servant, or a ruler.

Samuels Morse was a generous person who gave big money in the form of donations. He also took interest in science and religion and provided funds for establishing a lecture on 'Relations between the Bible and Science'. They were not selfish persons Other people and corporations earned millions of dollars using their invention, yet hardly anybody paid them for the use of their patented telegraph. They were not bitter about this, but they had more hope of respect for their labor. Morse lived comfortably; By the time of his death, his property value was approximately $ 500,000. Death

Morse died on April 2, 1872, at his home at 5 West 22st Street, New York City, when there were only 25 days left in his 81st birthday, i.e. he was 80 years old, he had a green-wood graveyard in Brooklyn, New York. Was buried in Anti-Catholic and anti-immigration efforts

Morse was a leader of anti-Catholic and anti-immigration movement in the middle of the 19th century.

In 1836, anti-immigrant Nativeists stood at the post of Mayor of New York on behalf of the party and lost only 1496 votes.

When Morse went to Rome, he refused to take off his cap in front of the Pope. An angry French swimmer jumped the hat from his head after seeing this.

Morse worked to unify Protestants against Catholic institutions (including schools), that they wanted to refuse to work in Catholic public offices and to restrict immigration from Catholic countries, Promotion of change in.

He wrote on this topic, "We must first stop the leak that is going on in the ship, through which the filthy water is coming into the ship, it will sink us."

Morse wrote many letters to the New York Observer (at that time his brother was Sydney Editor) in which people were excited to face Catholic threats. These articles were widely published in other newspapers. In other claims, he believed that the Austrian government and Catholic institutions were giving financial assistance to immigrants to the United States to gain control of the country. In his Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States, he wrote: "American Protestants, Azadlag are definitely aware of foreign hypocrisy." They will see that now papalism is always a method in which political conspiracies and autocracy And the holy name of religion is the basis for preventing the invasion. They will be affected very much by truth, Papalism is a religious and political system, that is, it is the other caste Is different Upon differs from all other forms of religion in the country. marriage

Morse married Lucrecia Pickering Walker on September 29, 1819 at Concord, New Hampshire. He died on 7 February 1825 shortly after the birth of his fourth child (Susan B. 1819, Elizabeth B. 1821, Charles B. 1823, James B. 1825). His second wife was Sarah Elizabeth Griswold. They were married on August 10, 1848 in Utica, New York and had four children. (Samuel B. 1849, Cornelia B.1851, William B..1853, Edward B..1857) Patents Also see this and notes

Further reading External Relations

The contents of this article have been included from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication, which is displayed for public general purposes. {{subst: #if: Morse, Samuel F. B. |}} [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst: uc: 1791}} || UNKNOWN | MISSING = जन्म वर्ष अज्ञात {{subst:#switch:{{subst:uc:1872}}||LIVING=(जीवित लोग)}} | #default = {{SUBST: point change | 1791 || type = Arabic}} people born in

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