Unix

Phoenix and Unix-like systems of Unix

Unix (Unix officially, Unix is ​​also written with small capitalized letters), is a computer operating system. It was originally developed in Bell Lab in 1969. In its development, AT & T employee Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Bryan Kearning, Douglas McLaren and Joe Osana were included.

Today the term "Unix" is usually used for any operating system running in accordance with Unix standards. That is, the inner operating system operates in conformity with the original UNIX operating system. Today's Unix systems, developed by many business vendors and non-profit organizations along with AT & T, are divided into different branches.

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Unix was largely accepted by the business opening as a result of UNIX influence on the educational community. Especially its BSD version generated from the University of California, Berkeley was very popular. Apart from this, Mac OS X, Solaris, HP-UX and AIX are also famous. Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and BSD are commonly seen in addition to authentic Unix systems.

Overview Timeline of Unix editions

The Unix operating system is widely used in both servers and workplace. Unix environment and client-server program models were essential elements for the development of the Internet and the size of the computing computer-centric network rather than individual computers.

Unix and C programming language both were developed by AT and T and distributed in government and educational institutions so that both led the linkage of a wide variety of machine families rather than any other operating system. As a result, Unix became synonymous with "open system".

Unix was made for multi-user in lifting, multi-tasking and one-time partition configuration. The Unix system has been characterized by various concepts: the use of simple text for data storage, hierarchical file systems, treatment tools and some types of inter-communication process (IPC) and large number of software tools, such as file use, small Programs can be tied together by using a pipe through a command line interpreter, in opposition to a unbroken program Areas all include the same functionality. These concepts are known collectively as Unix perception.

Under the Unix, the "Operating System" includes many other utilities along with the master control program, The Kernel. Kernel provides services to start and end programs, manage file systems, and perform other "low level" routines, most of which are program participants, and potentially if two programs try to use the same resource at the same time If so, the most important task is to access the hardware to avoid conflict. In order to mediate such learning, the kernel was given special powers in the system, which resulted in split between user-space and kernel-space.

The microcernal concept was introduced in an effort to turn the trend toward a large kernel and to come towards this system where more work was accomplished with small utilities. In such a period, when the "normal" computer included a hard disk for storage and a data terminal for investment and corporation, the Unix file model used to work quite well because most I / O were "linear". However, the basic system includes networking and other tools. As graphical user interfaces developed, the file model proved to be inadequate to deal with the work of asynchronous events such as those created by the mouse and the establishment of a non-blocking I / O and group of inter-process communication system in the 1980s. Network protocols such as (Sockets, Shared Memory, Message Queues, Signatures) and Functions are removed from the kernel. History

In the 1960s, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AT & T Bell Labs and General Electric developed an experimental operating system, which was called the moltics, on GE's latest supplement, a GE-645, specially designed for it The molotics designed from were highly innovative, challenging for many new computing boundaries for the first time, the computing ability to serve many users at the same time with the same machine Security is also involved. There were many problems in it, but eventually the molotics became a functional commercial product.

Bell Labs is not aimed at the size of Multics and frustrated with complexity. Slowly got out of the project. His last researcher who left Multics, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, M.D. McClory and J.F. Oostana, decided to redo on a very small scale. At that time, Ritchie says, "We did not want to maintain a good environment for programming, but to create a system through which we could know that through the experience we knew that the essence of communal computing, such as remote learning, was provided by time-consuming machine. It is not a program to print programs in the terminal rather than just one key punch, but rather to promote close communication. "

While Ken Thompson still had access to the Multics environment, he wrote a new file and simulation for the page system on it. He also planned a game called Space Travel. But to run the game, a more efficient machine was needed, and finally a small-used PDP-7 made the work in Bell Labs. It was a work related to the game, which apparently led to Unix's birth place, a PDP7 in Bell Labs. Because the acquisition of Multics was coming to an end soon, and management was not interested in buying any machine for further development of the programmer's purpose. [5] [7]

At PDP7, presented by the Space Travel Game, Thomson and Richie led a team of developers including Rudd Kanade, at Bell Labs. He developed a classified file system, the idea of ​​computer processes and device files and a command-line interpreter, and some small utility programs 1970s

In the 1970s, Bryan Kerringhan, for the Project Search Unixelx Information Unix, computing service, Multixx (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) service. See the Unni and Multi prefixes, operating systems can support multiple users simultaneously, so when Unix finally supported two users, it was renamed unix.

There was no financial assistance from Bell Labs for this moment. When Computer Science Research Group wanted UNIX to be used for a much larger machine than PDP-7, Thomson and Richie arranged to connect Unix to the PDP-11/20 machine for the text processing capacity in the promise business. It forced Bell to give some financial assistance. For the first time in 1970, the UNIX operating system was officially nominated and ran on PDP-11/20. It added a text formatting program called Roff and Text Editor. All three are written in the PDP-11/20 assembly language. Bell Labs used this initial "text processing system" made from Unix, Roff and the editor for text processing of direct applications. Roff soon evolved into the troff, the first electronic publishing program, setting the type with full capacity. The UNIX program's rule was published in Book 3, 1971.

In 1973, the Unix C was rewritten in the programming language, contrary to the general assumption of this time, "that something as complex as the operating system, which is to work with important events, should be written only in assembly language." [9] The collapse of higher level of language C from the Kodaratan language resulted in more portable software, in which machine-dependent code only requires a relatively small addition which is to be replaced. So when Unix have to take on other computing platforms.

AT & T Unix has been made available to universities and business firms, as well as for the United States Government under license. The license included all source code including the machine dependent parts of the kernel, which were written in PDP-11 format. Copies of Annotated Unix Kernel sources were circulated widely in the late 1970s with the much-duplicated book, The Lions Commentary on Unix 6, the source code of John Lions, University of New South Wales, resulting in extensive use of Unix, As an educational example.

The version of the Unix system version has been determined by the version of the manual. For example, both "Fifth Edition Unix" and "Unix Version 5" have been named the same version. With the release of 4, 5 and 6 versions by 1975, development expanded. These versions added the concept of pipes, which led to another modular code base and faster development cycle. Version 5 and especially with version 6: Extra flow of versions of Unix, including both PWB / UNIX and First -Gen Unix, IS / 1, both inside and outside the Bell Laborers. As in C and Unix rewritten portability also increased. A group at the University of Wollongong took Unix to Inter Data 7/32. Bell Labs offers research purposes and AT & amp; T has developed several ports for internal use. The target machine is an Intel 8,086-based computer (built-in MMU with custom) and UNIVAC 1100.

In May, 1975, ARPA documented the benefits of the Unix time sharing system, which "presents many interesting capabilities" as an Arpa Network mini host in RFC 681.

In 1978, UNIX / 32V was then released for DEC's new VAX system. By this time, more than 600 machines were running Unix in some form. Version 7 Unix, the last version of Research Unix, was widely released in 1979. Versions 8, 9 and 10 were developed through the 1980s, but only a few universities were issued, although they have produced papers describing the new work. This research led to the development of Bell Labs' plan 9, a new portable distributed system. 1980s An X Window System runs a graphical user interface, a number of common client applications for MIT X consortium distribution, including UNIX Desktop.Tom Window Manager, X Terminal, Xbiff, xload and a graphic manual page browser have appeared.

AT & T licenses UNIX System III to do roughly the first version in 1982 based on the 7 versions of commercial use. It also includes support for VAX, continues to distribute licenses for the old Unix versions for AT & T. In order to end confusion between all its internal variant versions, AT & T inserted them into Unix System V Release 1. This presented some specialties such as Berkeley Soft Ware distribution, vi editor and cursus, developed by Unix at the University of California, Berkeley. This includes support for the Western Electric 3B series of machines.

As the new Business Unix license terms were not suitable for academic use as the earlier versions of Unix, Berkeley researchers as an alternative to Unix system III and V, originally included BSD Unix on PDP 11 architectural arts Continued to develop. (Ending with 2xBSD release, 2.11BSD) and later for VAX-11 (4.x BSD release). Many contributions to Unix first appeared on BSD releases, especially with the work control on the C shell (Modeling on ITS). Perhaps the most important aspect of BSD development efforts included TCP / IP network code in the main stream of the Unix kernel. The BSD effort has produced several important releases in which 4.1cBSD, 4.2BSD, 4.3BSD, 4.3BSD-Tahoe network code are contained. ("Tahoe" is the nickname of Computer Console Inc. Power 6/32 architectural BSD kernel's first non-DEC release), Net / 1,4.3 BSD-Reno ("Tahoe Naming" match and was a type of gambling), Net / 2, 4.4BSD and 4.4BSD-lite. Network code found in these releases is the ancestor of today's widely used TCP / IP network code, with code that was later included in the initial version of the AT & T system V UNIX and Microsoft Windows. APIs with Berkeley Sockets are the real standard of networking and have been simulated on many platforms.

Other companies started offering commercial versions of Unix system for their minicomputer and workplaces. The glimpses of these new Unix mostly were developed under a license from AT & T on the basis of System V, instead of based on other BSD. One of the major developers of BSC, Bill Joy, co-founded Sun Microsystems in 1982 and made SunOS for his work site computer. In 1980, Microsoft announced its first Unix for a 16-bit microcomputer called Xenix. In 1983, the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) Intel 8086 processor was demolished and finally in 1989 the branch of Xenix became SCO UNIX.

During this period (before becoming computer-based MS-DOS computer head) for some years, industry observers hoped that Unix would be the industry standard operating system for microcomputers with its portability and adequate capabilities. There was a possibility to go 1984 established the public association with the goal of creating specifications based on X / Open Unix system in many companies. Despite the rapid progress, the efforts of standardization collapsed in "Unix War", with the creation of rival standardization groups of various companies. The most successful Unix-related standard turned into the POSIX specification of IEEE, in the sense of an agreement, the API immediately applied it on both BSD and System V platforms, soon submitted by the United States government to many of its systems published in 1988. .

AT & T added many features, such as System Administration Streams, new features of IPC, Remote File System and TLI, as a lock file in Unix V system. AT & T worked with Sun Microsystems and between 1987 and 1989 merged merge facilities with Xenix, BSD, Sun OS, System V and independently of X / Open in System V Release 4 (SVR4). This new release integrated the previous features into one package and the beginning of the end of the competing editions. This also led to increased licensing fees.

During this time many vendor Digital Equipment, Sun, Adamax and others started producing reliable versions of Unix for high security applications, mostly sampling of military and law enforcement applications. 1990s

In 1990, the Open Software Foundation released OSF / 1, their standard UNIX implementation based on Make and BSD. The foundation began in 1988 and was funded by several Unix related companies which opposed the cooperation of AT & T and Sun on SVR4. Later, AT & T and the group of other licensors created a group "UNIX International" with the aim of opposing the OSF. The conflict between the competition of vendors again gave rise to this phrase "Unix War".

In 1991, a group of BSD developers, Don Silley, Mike Kerrals, Bill Jolitz and Trent Hein, left the University of California to establish Berkeley Software Design, Inc. BSDI is a fully functional inexpensive and ubiquitous Intel platform for Unix, which uses low-cost hardware to calculate production; Started a wave of interest. Shortly after its establishment, Bill Jolitz left BSD to pursue a 386BSD distribution, Free BSD, Open BSD, and Net SoftWire Ancestor of Net BSD.

By 1993, most commercial vendors had changed their version of Unix, by adding them on top with many BSD features based on System V. With the proposal to build COSE, that year the most infamous phase of the war ended by the major players of Unix that year, and after that the UI and OSF merged in 1994. The new joint unit, which was named OSF, stopped working on OSF / 1 that year. At that time only Digital Vendors were using it, who continued their development, again in 1995 their digital Unix product was marked.

Shortly after the Unix system V Release 4 was produced, AT & T sold all of its rights from Unix to Novell. Dennis has compared it with the story of the Bible to Esau, his birthright for the title "Mess of Potage". Novell developed its version, "Unixware", merger with its Unix system Release 4 with its netware. Novell tried to use it to fight against the Windows NT, but he suffered a lot in the main markets.

In 1993, Novell decided to transfer Unix's trademark and authenticity rights to the X / Open Union. In 1996, X-Open was merged with the OSF, creating Open Group. Now the various standards in the Open Group used to define what the Unix operating system is and what not, especially after 1998, the single Unix specification.

In 1995, with the support of administration and existing Unix licenses, the right to further develop the system V code base was sold by Novell to the Santa Cruz Operation. Did Novell also sell copying rights (copyright) It is currently a matter of litigation (see below).

In 1997, Apple Computers demanded a new foundation for the Macintosh operating system and chose Next Step (NEXTSTEP), an operating system developed by Next. This original operating system was based on BSD and Make Kernel and after its acquisition of Apple, its name was Darwin. This happened with the deployment of Darwin in Mac OS X. According to a statement given by an Apple employee at the USENIX conference, the most widely used Unix-based system in the desktop computer market. 2000s

In 2000, SCO sold its entire Unix business and property to the Keldera system, after which it was named SCO Group.

Dot-Com Bubble (2001-2003) carried more important consolidation of versions of Unix. Only Solaris, HP-UX and AIX are still doing better than many of the merchant interests of Unix that were generated in 1980, however, the SGI's IRIX remained for some time. Of these, Solaris is the largest part of the market.

In 2003, the SCO Group started legal action against the vendors of various users and Linux. SCO alleged that Linux has a lot of copying rights for Unix code, which is now owned by SCO. Other charges include violating trade secrets by IBM, or violating contracts by previous customers of Santa Cruz, who have now been converted to Linux. However, Novell described the SCO Group's copyright claim based on the UNIX source as being disputed. According to Novell, SCOs (and then SCO groups) were effectively promoters of the special sale of Novell, who retained the right of veto on future copyright, SCO's future activities and 95% of licensing revenues. The SCO Group does not agree with this and the dispute is a result between SCO and Novell. On August 10, 2007, a large part of the matter (on the fact that Novell had a copy for UNIX, the SCO Group had kept Novell's money inappropriately) was decided in the Novell side. The court ruled that "SCO is not obliged to claim the excuse of Novell to claim SCO's IBM and Sekent". After the decision, Novell announced and said that he is not interested in prosecuting the people of Unix, we do not believe that there is Unix in Linux here. SCO made a tenth appeal to the Circuit Court on August 24, 2009, to make a decision in which the lawsuit should be sent back to the court. : SCO-Linux debates

In 2005, Sun Microsystems released the volume of its Solaris system signal (based on the Unix system V Release 4) into an open source project named OpenSolaris. New Sun OS technologies are now released as a first open source signal via the OpenSolaris project as a ZFS file system; As of 2006, Open Solaris has produced several non-Sun distributors in the form of SchilliX, Belenix, Nexenta, Jaris OS and MarTux. standard

An open operating system standardization since late 1980s, now known as POSIX, attempts to provide a common baseline for all operating systems. The IEEE-based POSIX almost simple structure was published in the first edition of POSIX in 1988, in the key competitor Casino of the Unix system. In the 1990s, a separate but quite similar effort was initiated by an industry association, the initiative of shared free software environment COAS, which eventually became a single Unix specialty administered by the Open Group. The Open Group and IEEE started the Austin Group in 1998 to provide a common definition of POSIX and Single Unix Specification.

In an effort to compatibility, in 1999 several Unix system vendors agreed on the SVR4 executable and contactable format (ELF) as the standard for dual and object signal files. The common format allows solid double compatibility between the Unix system operated on the same CPU architecture.

File-system sequence standard was created to provide directory layouts for Unix-like operating systems, especially Linux. Component (organ) : List of Unix programs

The Unix system is composed of many components that are usually packed together. In addition to the kernel of the operating system - for all these components, including development environment, libraries, documents and portable, variable source signals, Unix is ​​a self-contained software system. One of the main reasons for emerging as an important teaching and learning tool is this and it has a wider effect.

The inclusion of these components did not make the system larger - the original V7 Unix distribution, all the copies of the compiled gametrack, as well as all source signal and documents filled with less than 10 MB and reached on single 9-track magnetic tape. Printed documentation, typoset from online sources, was contained in two versions.

The file system status of the name and the Unix components has changed the system's history significantly. Nevertheless, the V7 implementation is the preliminary structure prescribed by many: Development Environment - To revive the whole system from the source code of incorporating enough environment for the development of early versions of Unix. Command - Unix maintains a slight difference between order (user level programs) system operation and maintenance (such as Karon), general utility order (eg grapes) and general purpose-applications such as text sarupa typesetting package. Even so, there are some major categories: Document formatting - Unix systems were used for document preparation and typing systems, and it consisted of many related programs such as nroff, tr off, table (tbl), eq, Refer and pic. Some modern Unix systems are also included in the form of such Tex (TeX) and Ghostscript packages. Graphics - Plant subsystem provides facilities for generating simple vector plot, including an interpreter in an independent instrument format, displaying such files. Modern Unix systems also usually include X11 as a standard windowing system and GUI and support several open GLs. . Communication - Early Unix systems do not include any inter communication systems, but include mail and writing inter-user communication programs. V7 introduced the early inter-system communication system UUCP, and included TCP / IP facilities in the system starting with BSD release 4.1c. 'Man' commands, on the system, can perform a manual page for any command, including yourself. effect : Unix-like

The UNIX system had significant impact on other operating systems. It won success by:

It was written in a high level language instead of the assembly language (which was thought necessary to implement the system on the initial computer). Although it led Multicom and Burrus, it was Unix that made this idea popular.

The Unix file was quite simple compared to many contemporary operating systems, managing all types of files as simple byte arrays. File systems include hierarchy machine services and devices (such as printers, terminals, or disk drives), making available similar interface, but sometimes at the cost of additional mechanisms such as iosaltl (ioctl) and hardware features Flex turn for use, which does not fit into simple models "Stream of Bytes". This model of Plan 9 operating system was forwarded and eliminated the need for additional arrangements.

Unix also popularized the hierarchical file system, originally presented by Multics, with the voluntary subdirectory. The other common operating system of the era was split the storage device of multiple directories or sections, but there was a fixed number of their levels, often only one level. Several major proprietary operating systems eventually added recursive subdirectory capabilities and became ideal even after Mutlix. Developed in the "Group User" hierarchy VMS Directive of DEC, version of CP / M developed in MS-DOS 2.0+ Directories and HP's MPE Group Calculator and IBM's SSP and OS / 400 Library System in a comprehensive file system Added.

Creating a common user-level program of command (command) interpreter, as a separate program by providing additional order, was another innovation of the Multix, popularized by Unix. Unix shell used the same language for interactive commands as script writing (the shell script did not have any separate work control language like IBM's JCL). While the shell and OS commands were "just another program", the user can choose their shell (or even write). The new order can be added without changing the shell. Unix's innovative command line syntax creates a powerful programming paradigm (versatile programming) widely available to create a series of consumer-resource (pipeline). Later, many command line interpreters were inspired by the Unix shell.

A basic assumption of simplifying Unix was that it focused on ASCII text for almost all file formats. There were no "double" editors in the original version of Unix. The entire system was created in conformity with the fundamental shell command script. The common denominator in the I / O system was byte, as opposed to the "file based on record" file system. Focusing on the text to represent almost everything has made the Unix pipes especially useful and encouraged the development of simple, normal devices that can be easily combined and ad hoc more complex tasks. The focus on text and bytes became more scalable and affordable than other systems. Over time, text-based applications have also proven to be popular in application areas such as print languages ​​(PostScript, ODF) and in the application layer of Internet Protocol, such as Telnet, FTP, SSH ), SMTP, HTTP, HOP, SOAP, and SIP.

Unix has popularized syntax widely used for regular expressions. Unix programming interface became the basis for a widely implemented operating system interface standard. (See POSIX above)

The C programming language has quickly spread outside of Unix and is now everywhere in systems and applications programming.

Initial Unix developers were important in bringing conceptualization and reusable software into software engineering practice, to create a "software tool" movement.

Unix provided a relatively inexpensive computer in the TCP / IP networking native script, which contributed to the Internet blast in real-time connecting around the world, and created the basis for the implementation of many more platforms. It highlighted many flaws in the security of networking compliance.

Easy access to extensive online documentation (and for many years) using all the system source signals increased the programmer's expectations and contributed to the beginning of the independent software movement in 1983.

Over time, the major developers of Unix (and the programs that ran on it) established a set of cultural standards to develop software. The standard became so important and effective that the Unix has its own technology, it has been termed as a UNIX notion. Independent operating system like Unix

In 1983, Richard Stallman announced the GNU project, making an ambitious effort to create free software like the Unix system, whoever receives a copy in "Free", used, studied, modified and redistributed it. Will be free to do The kernel development project of the GNU project, GNU Hurd did not produce a working kernel, but in 1992 Linus Torvald released the Linux kernel as a free software under the GNU General Public License. In addition to their use in the GNU / Linux operating system, many GNU packages - such as the GNU compilation archive (and the rest of the GNU device series) - have gone on to play a central role in GNU C library and GNU basic features - other free Unix systems. / p>

Linux distributions, large collections of Linux and compatible software that have become popular both in personal users and business. Popular distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Fedora SUSE Linux Enterprise, Open SUSE, Debian GNU / Linux, Ubuntu, Mandriva Linux, Slakeware Linux and Gantu.

A free-derived BSD Unix, 368BSD was released in 1992 and became the leader of Net BSD and free BSD projects. Unix system laboratories were brought against California University of World and Berkeley Software Design Inc., with the disposal of lawsuits in 1994. (USL v. BSDi), it was clarified that Berkeley owns free BSD Unix distribution rights - if he is interested. Since then, BSD Unix has developed into many different directions including Open BSD and DragonFly BSD.

Linux and BSD are now increasingly occupying traditional markets on the market occupied by the proprietary Unix operating system, while the consumer is expanding into new markets in the form of desktop and mobile and embedded devices. Due to the uniformity of the Unix design partitions and fragments are relatively common, as a result of most or all Unix and Unix-like systems, at least some BSD codes and modern systems generally include some GNU features in their distribution. 2038 मुख्य लेख : Year 2038 problem

Unix Store System January 1, 1970 values ​​the time from the midnight to the number of seconds, ("Unix Era"), the "Cyan 32-bit Inventor" historically defined as "TiT". Depending on the implementation of 19 January 1938 a 31 one time (with 0x7FFFFFFF and 31 Zero 0x80000000 which will reset the time of year 1901 or 1970, because it is part of the signature, for calculating many application dates. OS libraries use routine, its effect can be realized before 2038, for example, the mortgage calculation for 30 years can be made wrong at the beginning of 2008.

Sometime in the pre-1970s, the Unix timeline has been represented, a possible solution that is compatible with the current dual format, Time_T can be redefined as "unsigned 32-bit integer." , Such tricks can only push the problem up to February 7, 2106, and submit a bug in software that can compare the differences between the two sets of time.

Some Unix versions have already addressed this. For example, for 64-bit modes in Solaris and Linux, Time_T is 64 bits, which means that the OS itself and 64 bit applications will correctly handle dates for some 292 billion years. The existing 32-bit application continued to operate on 64-bit Solaris systems using a 32-bit time_t, but still suffer from the problem of 2038. अरपानेट (ARPANET)

In May 1975, ARPA gave detailed written evidence in RFC 681, as Unix is ​​the preferred operational mechanism for the use of ARPANET "mini host". Evaluation process was also written proof. Unix needed a license which was very expensive, with US $ 20,000 for non-university users and $ 150 for a licensed educational license It was mentioned that an "ARP Network Comprehensive License" Bell "was open to suggestions in that area."

Specific features were found to be advantageous:

Using the hardware of the development: "Network software for Unix was developed on a PDP-11/50, with memory management, two RK05 disk packs, two nine track megapep drives, four decap drives, 32k words of the core and three terminals. Currently it is DH11 terminal An RP03 head disk, a twin platters RF11 fixed head disc, floating point and 48k of the core are expanded to enclose multiple indicators, the user files are stored on RP03.RF11 as a swap disk Used and for temporary file storage, an RK05 platter contains file system, second includes entry and accounting information. In the near future, this system has 128 dials of main memory with 10 dial in and 10 terminal lines with strong wires. Words will be expanded " "There are 24.5k words of memory of the base operating system, this system contains a large number of device drivers and it uses a very large part of the space for I / O resistive and system catalogs. A minimum system hardware memory of 40k words It needs to be noted that Unix also requires memory management.

As a comparison, the "Network Control Program" (NCP) uses the kernel code 3.5k and the user with swapped is approximately 8.5k. Branding : List of Unix systems

In October 1993, Novell, the company that owned the rights to the Unix System V source at that time, transferred the trademark of Unix to the X Open Company (now The Open Group) and in 1995, Sell ​​Cruise Operations. Did Novell also sell copyright to the actual software, was the subject of the 2006 federal lawsuit, SCO v. Nowell, who won the Novell, the case is still being appealed. Unix seller SCO Group Inc. accused Novel of defamation of the title.

The current owner of Trademark Unix, Open Group is an industry standard faculty. Only a system is fully qualified and certified as a single Unix specialty "Unix" (similar to other Unix systems or called Unix-like)

From the decree of the Open Group, the term "Unix" refers to a class, and not the specific implementation of an operating system, the operating system which is to complete the single unit specific Open Group, Unix 98 or Unix 03 trademark After that, the vendor of the operating system pays a fee to the Open Group. The licenses given for the use of Unix trademark include AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris, True 64 (formerly "Digital Unix"), A / UX, Mac OS X 10.5 Intel platforms and a portion of z / OS .

Sometimes the representation of "Un * x", "* NIX" or "* N? X" is used to indicate all operating systems like Unix. this and "?" Comes from the use of wildcards in many utilities as "icons". This comment is also used to describe other Unix-like systems, such as Linux, BSD etc., which do not have branding for the requirements of Unix from Open Group.

The Open Group requests that "Unix" is always used as an adjective to help avoid the creation of a common trademark, following a general term, such as "system". / p>

"Unix" was originally formatting, but its use: "UNIX" remains broad because, according to Dennis Ritchie, when the original American Unix Paper Papers of the American Association of Computing Machinery presented the original Unix paper, "We have a new type And Trouf was just invented and we were intoxicated to be able to produce small caps. " Many of the operating system predecessor and contemporary used characters in all upper cases; many people wrote the name in the high case because of the habit of being overpowering.

Many plural forms of Unix are used for many brands of Unix and for systems like Unix. The most common is the traditional "Unixes", but Unices (see Unix as the third stroke of Latin noun) is also popular. The Anglo-Saxon plural form "Unixon" is not common but it is sometimes seen. The trademark name can be registered by different entities in trade and commerce trade in different countries and in some countries, allowing the same trademark name to be controlled by two different entities, if each entity uses the trademarks of easily identifiable categories Does. The result is that Unix has been used as a brand name for various products including book shelves, ink pens, bottled gums, nappies, hair dryer and food containers. Also see them

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