Computer hardware system

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Computer hardware system Business claims

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Introduction / Computer Hardware System Editing

Computer hardware system is usually composed of "five pieces": input devices, output devices, memory, computing devices and controllers. Computer hardware refers to the composition of the computer's various physical equipment, that is, we can see, tangible physical equipment. It includes the host computer and external equipment.

Input Device / Computer Hardware System Edit

The data, programs, text symbols, images, sounds and other information to the computer. Commonly used input devices are keyboard, mouse, touch screen, digital converters and so on.

keyboard

Keyboard is the most commonly used is the most important input device, through the keyboard, you can English letters, numbers, punctuation and other input to the computer to send commands to the computer, enter data. Keyboard PCXT / AT keyboard to 83 times the main times, and continued for a long period of time, but with the Windows system in recent years has been eliminated. Instead of the 101 key and 104 key keyboard, and occupy the mainstream market position, of course, during which there have been 102 key, 103 key keyboard, but due to poor promotion. Are just short-lived. In the past six months followed by 104-key keyboard is emerging multimedia keyboard, which in addition to traditional keyboard based on a number of commonly used shortcut keys or volume adjustment device to further simplify the PC operation, for sending and receiving e-mail, open the browser software , Start the multimedia player and so on only need to press a special button can, at the same time in the shape has also been a significant improvement, focusing on the keyboard personalized. At first this type of keyboard for brand machines, such as HP, Lenovo and other brand machines are the first to use this type of keyboard, by the wide acclaim, and once was regarded as brand machine features. Over time, gradually the market also appears independent with a variety of quick features of the products sold separately, and with a dedicated drive and set the software, the compatible machine can also achieve personalized operation.

mouse

The mouse (mouse) named for the shape of the mouse (mainland China language, Hong Kong and Taiwan for the mouse). "Mouse" the standard name should be "mouse", full name: "rubber ball transmission of the grating wheel with light-emitting diodes and phototransistor wafer pulse signal converter" or "infrared light scattering particles with light-emitting semiconductors and photoelectric sensors Of the light source pulse signal sensor. Mouse It controls the pointer that is displayed on the monitor. December 9, 1968 made the world's first "mouse." The use of the mouse is to make the operation of the computer more convenient, instead of the keyboard that tedious instructions.

touch screen

Touch screen (touch screen) is a layer of plastic covered with a special display, after the plastic layer is not visible cross-infrared beam. The user selects a menu item by touching the display screen with his / her finger. The touch screen features easy to use. For example, automatic teller machine (Automated Teller Machine, abbreviated as ATM), information center, hotels, department stores and other occasions can see the use of touch screen. Touch screen applications

Digital converter

Digitizer (digitizer) is a device used to depict or copy pictures or photos. Place the content that you want to copy on the tablet, and draw the contents through a special stylus connected to your computer. As the stylus moves over the copied content, the computer records its position on the digitizing tablet, which, when depicting the entire contents of the copy, can be displayed on a display or printed on a printer or stored on a computer system For later use. Digital converters are often used in the design of engineering drawings. In addition to the input devices, there are joysticks, light pens, digital cameras, digital cameras, image scanners, fax machines, bar code readers, voice input devices. Digital converter

Output Device / Computer Hardware System Editing

The results of the computer operation or intermediate results printed or displayed. Commonly used output devices are: monitors, printers, plotters and fax machines.

monitor

Display (Display) is a computer necessary output devices, commonly used cathode ray tube displays, liquid crystal displays and plasma displays. Cathode ray tube display (CRT) because of its manufacturing process is mature, cost-effective, has occupied the dominant position in the display market. With the liquid crystal display (LCD) technology gradually mature, began to emerge in the market. Cathode ray tube displays can be divided into character displays and graphic displays. Character display can only display characters, can not display graphics, generally only two colors. Graphic display not only can display characters, but also can display graphics and images. Graphics refers to drawings, that is, from the point, line, surface, body composition of the image refers to the scene map. Regardless of graphics or images on the display are composed of pixels (light spots). Computer hardware system The screen on the screen is the electron beam emitted by the cathode electron gun against the phosphor film produced. The inner side of the screen of the picture tube of a color display is a small triangular (pixel) light emitting film composed of red, green and blue phosphorescent dots. Due to the strength of the electron beam is different from the pixels of the three primary colors luminous intensity is different, you can produce a different brightness and color of the pixels. When the electron beam from left to right, from top to bottom line-by-line scan screen, each scan again, to display a screen, called a refresh, as long as the interval between the two refresh less than 0.01s, the human eye on the screen To a stable picture. (Character or graphic image) is from the display buffer memory (usually a memory of the storage area, accounting for 16kB) into the display interface, the display interface, the display interface is connected to the display interface, Conversion, the formation of control electron beam position and strength of the signal. The controlled electron beam will be painted on the screen to distinguish the different colors, light and dark levels of the screen. Two important indicators of the display is: the number of points on the screen, that is, the number of pixels, known as the light point brightness changes in the level, that is, gray, you can use color to represent. The level of resolution and grayscale is a measure of image quality. Commonly used in a variety of display interface cards, such as CGA cards, VGA cards, MGA cards. To VGA (Video Graphics Array) video graphics interface card, for example, the standard VGA graphics card resolution of 640 480, the gray is 16 enhanced VGA graphics card resolution is 800 600,960 720 , Gray can be 256 colors. All of the display interface cards are only equipped with the appropriate display and display software, to play to their highest performance. Computer hardware system

printer

Printer (Printer) is one of the most basic computer output devices. It prints the processing results of the computer on paper. The printer can be divided into printing type and non-hit type. Hit printer is the use of mechanical action, the font is printed on the paper through the ribbon, according to print the way the font can be divided into movable type printers and dot matrix printers. Movable type printer is to every word engraved in the typing mechanism, can be spherical, chrysanthemum petal-shaped, drum-shaped and other shapes. Dot matrix printer (dot matrix printer) is the use of printed steel needle characters dot matrix print out the characters. Each character may consist of m rows x n columns of dots. General characters from the 7 8 dot matrix, Chinese characters from the 24 24 dot matrix. Dot matrix printer commonly used to print the number of stitches to name, such as 9-pin printer, 24-pin printer. Non-impact printers use a variety of physical or chemical methods to print characters, such as electrostatic induction, electrocautery, thermal effects, laser scanning and inkjet. One laser printer (Laser Printer) and inkjet printer (Inkjet Printer) is the most popular of the two printers, they are in the form of dot matrix form of characters and a variety of graphics. Laser printer to receive information from the CPU, and then laser scanning, the information to be output on the drum to form an electrostatic latent image, and converted to magnetic signals, so that the toner adsorption on paper, the heat output after fixing. Inkjet printer is the ink through the nozzle to spray on the paper to form the characters and graphics

Plotter

Plotter A device that automatically draws graphics as desired. It can output the computer's output information in the form of graphics output. Mainly can draw a variety of management charts and charts, geodesy maps, architectural design, circuit wiring diagram, a variety of mechanical drawings and computer-aided design. The most common is the XY plotter. Modern plotter has intelligent functions, its own with a microprocessor, you can use the drawing command, with a straight line and character calculus processing and self-testing and other functions. This plotter can also be equipped with a variety of standard computer interface. The computer hardware system plotter is a hardcopy device for output graphics. Plotter in the drawing software support to draw a complex, accurate graphics, is a variety of computer-aided design indispensable tool. Plotter performance indicators are the number of drawings, drawing size, resolution, interface, and graphics and other forms of language. Plotter is generally driven by the motor, interpolation device, control circuit, drawing station, penholder, mechanical transmission and other components. Plotter in addition to the necessary hard equipment, it must also be equipped with a wealth of graphics software. Only software and hardware together to achieve automatic drawing. Software includes basic software and application software. Many types of plotters, according to the structure and working principle can be divided into two types of drum and platform type: roller plotter. When the X-step stepper motor through the drive mechanism to drive the drum rotation, the sprocket to move the drawing to achieve X-directional movement. Y direction of the movement is driven by the Y-step stepper motor to achieve the penholder. This plotter compact structure, drawing large format. But it requires the use of both sides of a dedicated hole in the drawing paper. platform plotter. Drawing platform with beams, pen holder mounted on the beam, drawing paper fixed on the platform. X-step stepper motor drive beam with the pen holder for X-directional Y-step stepper motor drive pen holder along the beam guide for Y-directional movement. There are three ways to fix the drawings on the platform, namely vacuum adsorption, electrostatic adsorption and magnetic strip compression. Platform plotter drawing high precision, no special requirements on the drawing paper, a wide range of applications.

Memory / Computer Hardware System Editing

The memory stores the information received by the input device in the form of binary data in the memory. There are two kinds of memory, respectively, called the internal memory and external memory. Computer hardware system

Internal memory

The internal memory of a microcomputer is composed of a semiconductor device. From the use of functional points, there are random access memory (Random Access Memory, referred to as RAM), also known as read and write read-only memory (Read Only Memory, referred to as ROM). 1. random access memory (Random Access Memory) RAM has the following characteristics: you can read, you can write. Read out does not damage the original storage of the content, only to modify the original when the stored content. After power failure, the contents of the memory immediately disappear, that is volatile. RAM can be divided into dynamic (Dynamic RAM) and static (Static RAM) two categories. DRAM is characterized by high integration, mainly for large-capacity internal SRAM is characterized by fast access speed, mainly for high-speed buffer memory. 2. Read Only Memory A ROM is a read-only memory. As the name suggests, it is characterized by only read the original content, users can not write new content. The original storage of the contents of the mask technology is written by the manufacturers one-time, and permanently preserved. It is generally used to store dedicated fixed procedures and data. Will not be lost due to power failure. 3. CMOS memory (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Memory, Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Memory) COMS memory is a very little power can store data on the chip. Due to its low power consumption, CMOS memory can be powered by a small battery integrated into the motherboard, which automatically charges when the computer is powered on. Because the CMOS chip can continue to obtain power, so even after the shutdown, he can save the computer system configuration of important data.

External memory

Many kinds of external memory, also known as secondary memory. External memory is usually magnetic media or CD-ROM, such as hard disk, floppy disk, tape, CD, etc., can save information for a long time, and do not rely on electricity to save information, but driven by mechanical components, speed and CPU is much slower.

Computer / Computer Hardware System Editing

Arithmetic unit also known as arithmetic unit. It is the computer to complete a variety of arithmetic and logical operation of the device, can add, subtract, multiply, divide and other mathematical operations, but also for comparison, judgment, search, logical operations.

Controller / Computer Hardware System Editing

Controller is the computer command and control of other parts of the work of the center, the work process and the human brain command and control of human organs as. The controller is the command center of the computer and is responsible for determining the sequence of executing the program and giving the operation control commands needed by the various parts of the machine when the instruction is executed.It consists of program counter, instruction register, instruction decoder, timing generator and operation controller, It is the "decision-making body" of issuing orders, that is to complete the coordination and command of the entire computer system operation. Command and control the CPU, memory and input / output instructions. The main function: to remove an instruction from the memory, and pointed out that the next instruction in the memory location of the instruction to decode or test, and generate the corresponding operation control signal to start the specified The direction in which data flows between output devices. The controller sends out the control information according to the given command in advance and makes the whole computer instruction execution process step by step, which is the nerve center of the computer.

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