Microscopy

    Scanning electron microscopes obtained by pollencaps

Microscopy (English: Microscopy) is a branch of science, in which microscopic and neutral organisms are able to see, which can not be seen with simple eyes. Its main purpose is to study the microbial world. It uses light reflection, refraction, diffraction and electromagnetic radiation. This branch of science is used in main experiment biology. Microscopy is supported for the control of diseases around the world and the discovery of new drugs. Three prevalent branches of microscopy are optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopes.

A stereo microscope

The subject of microscopy is believed to have originated in the beginning of the 17th century. At the same time, when scientists and engineers discovered lenses in physics. After the invention of the lens, it is possible to see the objects larger than their original size. This facilitated the viewing of the activities of small and other subtle animals found in water, and scientists were aware of new facts about them. Only then did the scientists know that the vast world about the world of the world is waiting for them and their knowledge was so far.

Vision-related microscopy (microscopy) is considered as the first branch of microscopy. It is also called light microscopy. It is used to see organisms of organisms. The light microscope (optical microscope) is a relatively expensive but better device. The discovery of an electron microscope in the field of microscopic is considered to be the most important milestone, because it was possible to see things moving by several thousand times larger than their actual size. It was discovered in the twentieth century. Although the electron microscope is expensive with other microscopes and it is not possible for students to use it in the lab, but the results are much better. The images obtained from it are quite obvious.

Another technique is used in microscopy, which is considered better than electron microscopy. In this, using the hand and the stitches, the object is tested by several angles. Graham Stain had first seen the bacteria in this process. introduction Simple microscope

Microscopy is an integral part of physics. Today microscopes are widely used in the study of medicine, biology, morphology, metrology, crystallography and the application of metals and plastics. Today the microscope is not used to look at objects but it is being used to measure, calculate and weigh the particles of matter.

Man's tendency is always to know and see more and more, by this, he wants to solve the secrets of nature more and more. Our ability to work in the senses is limited and the exact same thing is also our eye. It also has its own limit. A very distant thing which can not be seen with an empty eye can be seen from a visionary or a detailed description of the very close object can be seen more clearly than the microscope. Here is the progress which has been made in the field of microscope from 1865 till now: Compound microscope (compound microscope)

The single convex lens, commonly called magnification lens, can be called the simplest microscope. It is also called 'jb microscope' Simple microscope consists of a combination of two convex lenses at a fixed distance. The objective lens on the side of the lens and the lens near the eye are called 'lenses'. The field of view of such a microscope is limited. It needs correction. Adding a lens to the actress lens increases the area and reduces errors caused by spherical cryptography and Chromatic aberration. Such microscopes are called compound microscopes or light microscopes or conventional optical microscopes. History

Although the principles of light reflection, refraction and linear transmission were known to some philosophers of Christ some centuries ago, but the invention of the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction was not invented until the second half of the seventeenth century. The Snell of Holland and Descartes of France (Descartes, 1551-1650 AD) invented it differently. About 1000 AD, the astrologer Jyotishvind Alhayjain formulated the rules of reflection and refraction but they were not in the same way, but were in perpendicular distance. It is said that his culprits had a big lens. The microscope starts from the same. The credit for building a microscope is to a botanist, Jacarosi Jonmids (1600). According to Higens, the invention is credited to Cornelius Drable (1608 AD).

By the time of Abe, the situation of the microscope remained the same. In 1870, Abe laid the foundations of a microscope. He introduced the well-known tele-engineering technology. It received the best contrast and magnification. But as far as the study of ultramicroscopic particles was concerned, the scientists were still experiencing their helplessness. In 1873 AD, Abe experienced that in order to try to provide complete fulfillment to the microscope, the subtlety of its particles in a substance can only be seen to a certain extent. It is impossible to see the atom or molecule with eyes only because there is a limit to seeing the astral objects through our eyes. This limit is not only due to the incompleteness of the equipment but also due to the nature of light waves (color) which our eyes are sensitive to. If we have to see metals, then our biologists need to develop a new type of eyes which will absorb those waves which are thousands of times smaller than our current ordinary eyes, or visceral waves, which are unreliable.

In fact, two adjacent points in an object can never be distinguished if the wavelength of light in which those points are observed are not more than twice the distance between those points. In this way, it limits their disconnection. This is called the range of resolution. In mathematics, it is expressed by the following relationship.

विभेदन या पृथक्करण की सीमा (limit of resolution)

sin (q) = q (appx) = 1.22 * lamda / D

Where N.A. Numerical is Dwaraka and N.A. = sin (q). Here u is the refractive index of the object space. q is the angle that creates rim-ray with optical axis. Thus considering the vision radiation, the slightest distinction distance is approximately 3000 A ° (= 0.3 microns). For the smallest ultraviolet and infrared rays, this range will be approximately 1500 A ° and 3850 A °, respectively, where 1 A ° = 10 cm ..

Let us think of ourselves as a former microbiologist and consider reforms that we wanted to do at that time. Normally we focus our hopes on four things: (1) achieve higher magnification, (2) achieving maximum resolution capability, (3) achieving more functional distance and (4) To achieve optimum exposure or adequate visibility.

In the context of the above mentioned improvements or difficulties, the nature of the object (opaque or transparent), the type of illumination (radiation) and photography technical (in terms of film or plate and type of explosion). Microscopes were used in which the radiation of small wavelengths was used. We have seen that the small wavelength Dhy the radiation means - higher resolution capability.

Rotentgen invented X ray in 1895. But by 1912, X-ray did not know the wavelength nature until Von Laue did not prove it. Now it is hoped that X-ray microscope can be made. So at that time this idea was abandoned.

A few years later, in 1923, the Broglie determined the wave nature of the electron and in Davison and Germer in New York in 1927 and the G.P. in Aberdeen. Tomson (G.P. Thomson) confirmed it in 1928. The ray crystals of electrons can also be twisted by suitable electromagnetic or magnetic field. Such microscopes that could be used successfully in the year 1947 were presented by Knovl, Rusk and Brooke (Germany). The wavelength of this radiation is expressed by the following link. l = h/(m n) सेमी

Here h is Planck's determinant, m is the mass of the electron and q is velocity. The velocity is the function of the voltage, which is used to accelerate electron rays. Discontinuation was possible with this microscope at 10 A ° and its magnification capacity was very high. It can see 1.6.10-8 mm expansion objects. This is undoubtedly a great progress and along with it many new inventions are connected. Today there are many techniques of electron microscopy.

In the form of high energy electrons, the short-range is very high in x-rays and they are also less absorbed quickly. Hence x rays can be used to find the inner structure of small opaque objects. The first X-ray microscope or shadow microscope was first drawn by Ehrenberg in 1947 and in 1948, Kink Patrick and Baez reformed it. Vacuum is not required like an electron microscope here. Good reflection requires only a pin hole. This means that less radiation enters than this and therefore the excretion is very large. The back painting needs to be expanded, for which the emulsion of very fine particles is necessary. Reflecting microscope

Now we look at the normal view light microscope. Prior to that, we will discuss the progress made in that direction, we have to take care of those aspirations which were of microbiologists 40 years ago. Fulfillment was not possible with the same equipment as well as all the requirements. The increase in differentiation potential is limited by the value of the numerical dwarf (N.A.), which can not be more than 1.5. There is also a limit to the increase of the system's magnification capacity. This is the function of distances used for the focus of the laces used. Magnification Focus is the inverse function of the distance, so the decrease in the focus distance increases the magnification. But the physical distance is destroyed as well.

Burke was created in Bristol in 1947 as a result of such views, due to the use of mirrors in the place of the lens. Theoretically, radiation could be used here for ultraviolet ray. Its numeric dwarf (N.A.) is low but achromatism and more functional distances benefit in it.

Since quartz does not absorb radiation from 2000 A °, because of the microscope in which the quartz lenses are used, at least the distinction distance will be 1,000 A °, hence the use of ultraviolet radiation with this type of configuration The 'ultraviolet microscope' is produced from.

If normal light microscope is used to collect the radiation dispersed by small objects, then such a system is called ultramicroscope. (1) The incident light is prevented from reaching the object directly. It does not have the reflection created by the scattered diffracted light. This is called blurred illuminating illumination. (2) This microscope can be easily measured with the diameter of the microscopic particles. (3) The location of the object depends on the brightness of the radiated radiation (the beam). (4) If the brightness of the light source is as it is on the surface of the sun, ordinary molecules can also be seen.

Prof. Jernick (1942 AD, Germany) used art barrier illumination in the microscope. This technique was called art Phase Contrast Microscopy. This is a method of showing the structure of colorless, especially transparent substances. Due to various structures, order breakdown is seen in them, such as in the liver of frogs. To improve the disorder, biologists try the help of pies. It is often done by the interference character filter. Only a few types of crystals can be analyzed by polarized light, but all types of crystals can be studied with caloric intake. In this technique, artificial characters are not used as strains. Dangers in strains are said that although staining does not destroy the cells of the organism, it can not be said that it does not affect organisms or cells at all. The advantage of art-interdependence is that illumination which is essential in every microscope, does not have to do anything else to see the organism.

In the microscope, the microscope remains a common type of microscope. There is only this novelty that an innovative light source is added. W (P) is a glass plate in which there is a groove. The transparent coating of calcium fluoride on the plate is clogged. The thickness of the coating remains the same. The vacuum is coated with vapors. The thickness of the coating remains so well that the difference between the time passed between the digging and the other part of the plate is the difference of time between the quadrant (90 ° change of art). The (D) curtain in which there is a circular cut, so that the light passes in the observer as it would fill in the kalapatta pole. Discrete and distilled light is not passed by the light and when the light reaches the reflection, then it is not mixed with the light directly from the source and the interference pattern is formed. This reflection appears in the actress. Various parts of the body display various artifacts in light according to the refractive index, hence the refractive index of the reflection object that is visible in the actress.

The microscope became available for use till 1952 AD. For this achievement in 1952, Prof. Jerniack received Nobel Prizes. Dyson resolved this problem differently in 1951, which in turn resulted in the interaction microscope which had some superiority with the traditional astronomical microscope. In this, the object is suppressed in the middle of two arched layers of glass and it is seen from a special mirror system in such a way that some light passes away in the actress without going through the object and going through the remaining light object. Thus the generated individualization expresses the refractive index structure of the object.

In fact, this kind of illumination of two types of illuminated background and calorpha is a major means of human being. Blurred background illumination has been proven to be useful in observing very fine particles, and the possibility of technical knowledge of the optical density of optical density has increased due to which the interpretation of the reflection can be easily done.

We see that many aspirations of microscopic analysts of forty years ago have been fulfilled. This is not the end because there is no end to any research and this is also for microscopic and efforts are being made to increase the limit given above to the differentiation capacity of magnification capacity. With the use of new types of glass and plastic, further technological advancements in the technology of microscopy are mandatory.

All these microscopes, which have been described, can be obtained only in detail. There is more branch of microscope which is great and interesting. This light is a differentiation microscope (Toulonski, 1948). It can also be found in depth by differentiation. It has proved to be excellent in differentiation in depth. It is a luminous and expressive technology that is known as light cut, light profile, multi-beam physique (Frizees) and fron of the same pigment code. Molecular magnitude can be successfully resolved in the well-known methods of these dorsal investigations.

The efficiency of these microscopes could never have been possible if the device had not been developed to make metallic film more reflective by reflecting on the page. Microscope

Some non-commercial microscopes: Also see them Organization

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