Greek alphabet

Here the Greek characters are redirected.

The Greek alphabet is a twenty-four letter system using which the Greek language is being written from eighth century BC. This is the first and the oldest alphabet with a separate symbol for each vowel and consonant. This alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet and many chronological order of Europe was born from this. The Roman script used to write English and the Cyrillic alphabet used to write Russian language are both born from Greek script. After the second century BC, mathematicians began experimenting with Greek letters to show marks. Greek characters are used in many areas of science, such as names of elements in the physics, names of stars, names of fraternity and companions, for the name of the tropical cyclones.

History

The emergence of the Greek alphabet, after centuries of the fall of the Mycenaean civilization and the earlier Greek writing system, after being unused of linear B (B) script, eighth century BC Happened in the middle of Linear B (B) originated from Linear A (A) which was developed by the Minoi civilization, whose language was not related to Greek, as a result Minoir alphabet does not provide the ideal medium for the transcription of the Greek language sounds.

The development of the modern Greek alphabet happened today after the Greek dark period, i.e. the fall of Mycenaian civilization (ca 1200 BC) and the rise of ancient Greece (Greece), which was about 800 BC In the beginning of the beginning of the ancient Olympic Games in Homer's epics and in 776 BC, it was the middle time. In the form of an adaptation of phonetic Phoenician alphabet, its most notable change is the inclusion of vowel letters, without which Greek was unreadable.

Vowel signs were not originally used in the Semitic alphabet. In the predecessor Western Semitic Script Family (Phoenician, Hebrew, Moabite, etc.), a letter was always used for the consonant with a random tone. This did not reduce readability because the word in the Semitic languages ​​is based on the triangular roots which only express the meaning of the presence of the consonant and the vowels are clear by . On the contrary, Greek is an Indian language, so the difference in the tone creates a great difference in the meaning. Therefore, the Greek alphabet divided the letters into two categories - vowels and consonants (things that appear in together), where it is necessary to experiment with the vow to make a consonant an accented unit. Although the ancient Ugaritic alphabet developed the mater lectionis, that is, the use of consonant letters to reveal the unused volumes.

प्रथम स्वर अक्षर A (अल्फा (alpha)), Ε (एप्सिलॉन (epsilon)), Ι (आयोटा (iota)), Ο (ऑमिक्रॉन (omicron)), एवं Υ (ऊप्सिलॉन (upsilon)) थे जो कि सीमिटिक ग्लोटल (Semitic glottal), फारिंगिअल (pharyngeal) या धीरे निकलने वाले वालेव्यंजनों (glide consonant) के परिवर्तन थे, जिनमें से ज्यादातर ग्रीक भाषा में आवश्यकता से अधिक थे क्रमशः /ʔ/ ('aleph), /h/ (he), /j/ (yodh), /ʕ/ ([[|ʿayin]]) एवं /w/ (waw). पूर्वी ग्रीक में, जिसमें कि पूरी तरह से उच्चारण का अभाव था, सीमिटिक ग्लोटल (Semitic glottal) व्यंजन /ħ/(heth) का एच (H) (ईटा (eta)) दीर्घ स्वरों के लिए भी प्रयोग होता था /ɛː/ एवं अन्ततः Ω (ओमेगा (omega)) अक्षर का प्रयोग दीर्घ के लिए प्रारम्भ हुआ /ɔː/. दीर्घ खुले अक्षरों e एवं o के शामिल करने का कारण भाषा के मौखिक रूपविज्ञान अध्ययन (morphology) में निहित है। परंपरागत ग्रीक में निश्चयात्मक एवं संभावनार्थक अक्षरों में स्पष्ट भेद था जो कि ‘ε (इ (E)) vs. η (एच (H))’ एवं ‘ο (ओ (O)) vs. ω (Ω)’ के नवप्रवर्तन द्वारा स्पष्ट किया गया। अन्य स्वरों में दीर्घ एवं हृस्व के मध्य ग्राफिक अन्तर की आवश्यकता नहीं है। शाब्दिक सामग्रियों हेतु, सामान्यतः यह एक पर्याप्त लक्षण होगा लेकिन जब कभी भी मौखिक प्रणाली के बाहर दीर्घ स्वर η and ω आते हैं - एवं वे α, ι and υ की तरह सर्वव्यापी होते हैं - उन पर चित्रात्मक (ग्राफिक) रूप से विचार करना होगा. दो अन्य दीर्घ स्वर चित्रात्मक भेद प्राप्त करते हैं - दीर्घ बंद e (ει) एवं दीर्घ बंद u (ου) - दोनों चित्र द्वारा समझे जाते हैं।

Greek has included three new consonant letters Φ (fi), Χ (chi) and Ψ (psi) which are given at the end of the alphabet according to their development. These dishes were made in Phoenician letters due to lack of comparable accents. In Western Greek, X was used for / ks / and for use / kʰ / - so the Latin letter X is taken from the Western Greek alphabet. The origin of these characters is controversial.

The letter Ϻ (san) was used to separate Σ (sigma). Sigma (sigma) was won from ancient times and disappeared from the alphabet alphabet. The letter Ϝ (Wau, later addressed by Digamma) and Ϙ (Koppa) also became unused. In the past, it was necessary for Western dialects to use it later, in reality there was no need for it. But these characters continued to be used in the Ionic numeral system, in which the category of letters of abbreviated numeric values ​​were included. Ϡ (Sampi), was the rare local glyph form of ionia directly, which was later included to show 900. Thousands were written by mark on the upper left corner ('A for 1000, etc.).

Since the Greek uppercase (minuscule) came into existence quite sometime, therefore there really is no historical miniature letter present for the Sun. Smaller forms were used only in the form of numbers for other characters. Modern Greek uses an old bond called stigma (Ϛ, ς) instead of Wau for 6, or ΣΤ / στ if it is not available. Z-shaped Koppa forms were used for 90: Ϟ, ϟ. (Note that some web browser / font conjugates will show other Koppa here.)

Originally, there were several forms of the Greek alphabet, in which the western (chalcidian) and eastern (Ionic) Greeks are prominent. The predecessor has the old italic alphabet and later the Latin alphabet, while the latter is the basis of the current Greek alphabet. Athens originally used the Attic script for government documents such as the law documents and Homer's compositions; It includes letters from alpha to upsilon and is replaced with eta (eta) in place of "e". 403 BC In, Athens adopted Ionic script as its standard and soon other versions became extinct. Early Greek alphabet on pottery in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens

By the time the Greek was written from left to right, but originally it was written from left to right (with an inverse letter reversal) and written on either side - or in the most probable form, and In the alleged boustrophedon manner, in which the lines after one changed the direction.

In the Hellenistic period, Aristophanes of Byzantium started the diacritic of Greek letters for pronunciation specificity. During the medieval period, the Greek alphabet changed parallel to the Latin alphabet: while the old forms remained as memorable script, an in-the-middle and ultimately short form became effective. At the end of the Latin long and the same word as ss, σ was written equally ς. Letter names

There was a word in the name of every phonetic character that started with the sound of that letter; Therefore the word'ael 'for "ox" has been adopted for glottal stop / ʔ / bet, or "house", / b / sound and many others. When the letters were adopted by the Greek, most Phoenician names were modified / modified lightly in line with the Greek phonology; So'aleph, bet, gimel alpha, beta, got gamma. These adopted names had no meaning in Greek except for the letters addressed. However, some signs that were later added or modified by the Greeks actually had names and meanings. For example - o mikron and o mega means "small o" and "big o (o)". Similarly, e psilon and a u psilon mean "plain e (e)" and "plain u". Main letter

Devanagari characters of the Greek letters and their equivalent translates into the table below. The table also has an equivalent Phoenician letter which has been taken from each Greek letter. Voices have been written using the International Phonetic Alphabet. The "classical pronunciation" given below are the repetitive pronunciation of attic languages ​​in the 5th century and the 4th century first century (bc). Keep in mind that some letters had different pronunciation in pre-classical or non-etic dialects. Different forms

Some letters are of different size, they are primarily inherited from medieval miniature handwriting. Although their usage in Greek's general printing art is a complete font style, some such variations have been encoded separately in Unicode. Obsolete letter

The following characters are not part of the standard Greek alphabet, but were used in some dialects in pre-classical times. Akshar Vau, Sun, Koppa, and Samiti were also used in Greek numerals.

The sequence of letters T is like the phoenician or hebra alphabet. विशेषक चिन्ह (Diacritic) मुख्य लेख : Greek diacritics

Typically used polytonic spellings for ancient Greek may have a vowel, accent and diacritic marks called breathing. The accent, intense stress (heavyweight), heavy acceleration (Template: Huge) and the length of the vocal (CircumFlex) can be the acceleration (Template: Huge). In ancient Greek, there are different types of intensity of pitch for a vowel. By the end of the Roman Empire, the pitch accent tension developed into stress accent and later all the accents in Greek marked the tone of stress. These respirbs are irregular or poor respiration (Template: Huge) that make a sound in the beginning of the word / h / and regular or smooth breathing (Template: Huge) that do not sound at the beginning of the word / h /. The letter rho (ρ) is not a vowel though, but when it starts the word, it always makes an irregular sound. Another diacritic marker in Greek is diaeresis (Template: Huge), which displays hiatus.

In 1982, the chronic spatial system, which was known as polytonic, was simplified to a single monotonic system, which is today governmental in Greek. Swarms were limited to one, tonos, and respiration was abated. Diagonal and diphthong अधिक जानकारी: [[Greek orthography]]

The diagram or diagonal is a pair of letters that is used to write a sound or multiple sounds, which are not compatible with the letters written in one category. Greek spelling contains dichotomy. It also includes many pairs of vocal letters which are pronounced like dipthong but they have been reduced to singular monophthong in pronunciation. Most of these are characteristic developments of modern Greek, but some were already present in classical Greek. None of these are considered to be alphabet letters.

During the Byzantine period, it was customed to write silent iota in the form of an iota sub script in dichotomy. ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ Use of Greek alphabet for other languages

The Greek alphabet has always been used primarily to write the Greek language. But, it has also been used to write other languages ​​at different times and places. earlier example With additional letters

Some alphabets involving the Greek alphabet have been completed by some additional letters: In more modern times Alphabets taken from elsewhere

The Greek alphabet has given birth to many other alphabet:

It is also considered to be a possible successor to the Armenian alphabet and has an influence on the development of the Georgian alphabet. Greek in mathematics मुख्य लेख : Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering

Greek symbols in mathematics, physics, and other sciences have been used traditionally for names. When coupled with Latin letters, the Latin letters generally represent variable variables, whereas Greek characters show Parameter. There are traditional meanings of many symbols, such as in liquid dynamics, small alpha (α) for English language for angle of attack, small epsilon (ε) for voluntary small positive number, large sigma (Σ) and standard deviation for addition Short sigma (σ) etc. for Greek encoding

For use in computers, many varieties of encoding have been used for Greek online, many of them are documents in RFC 1947.

The ISO / IEC 8859-7 and Unicode are the two major ones that are still used today. ISO 8859-7 supports only spell-off spelling and unicode polygonal spelling. ISO / IEC 8859-7

For category AO-FF (hex), it follows Unicode range 370-3 CF (see below), except for some symbols such as ©, ½, § etc Where Unicode has unused locations. As with all ISO-8859 encoding it is equivalent to ASCII for 00-7F (F) (hex). Greek in Unicode

Unicode supports well-spoken spellings for common continuous lessons in modern and ancient Greek, and even for many ancient forms of archival knowledge. With the use of combination of letters, Unicode also supports Greek philology and dialectology and various other special needs. Although most existing text rendering engines do not support the combination of letters properly, although alpha U + 03B1 with macron and acute can be represented as U + 0304 U + 0301; Sometimes it is okay: ᾱ.

There are 2 main blocks of Greek letter in Unicode. The first is "Greek and Coptic" (U + 0370 to U + 03FF). This block is based on ISO 8859-7 and is sufficient to write modern Greek. There are some ancient characters and Greek-based technical symbols.

The block also supports the Coptic alphabet. In the past, most Coptic characters shared codepoints with similar-looking Greek letters; But in many studied tasks, both scripts appear with letters of varying size, so Unicode 4.1, Coptic and Greek were not integrated. Those Coptic letters still live in this block without any Greek equivalent cell.

To write polyglot, a person can use a joint diacritical or precomposed letters in the "Greek Extended" block (U + 1F00 to U + 1FFF). Greek and Coptic Greek extended (precomposed) plural Greek) Combination and letter-free diacritic

The combination and interval of Greek symbolic marks (letter-free): Encoding with a subset of Greek alphabet

The alphabet ΓΘΣΦΩαδεπστφ (also β as an alternative explanation for ß) is included in the IBM code pages 437, 860, 861, 862, 863, and 865. Also see them Bibliography note Printing

wiki