Utopia

For other uses, see Utopia (Multicapular). Left panel (The Earthly Paradise, Garden of Eden), Hieronymus Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights.

Utopia pronounced / juːtoʊpiə / is a name for an ideal community or society, written by Sir Thomas More in 1516 [[Of the Best State of a Republic and of the New Island Republic of | Of the Best State of A Republic and of the New Island Utopia]], describing an extremely attractive social-political-legal system of a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean. This post has been used by thoughtful communities who tried to create an ideal society and used to describe both fictional society portrayed in literature. This gave birth to second concepts, the most important of which is terror state.

This word is derived from the Greek: οὐ, "not" and τόπος "place", which indicates that peacocks were using this concept as a metaphor, and this kind of ideal place is not possible to be real Were. The English homeophone utopia is derived from Greek εὖ "good" or "fine" and τόπος "place" which is a symbol of binary.

type

Utopia is largely based on Plato's Republic. This is the exact version of Republic in which the beauties of society govern (eg: equality and a general pacifist attitude) though its citizens are fully prepared to fight if they are needed. The evils of society such as: poverty and misery are completely over. There are some laws, there is no lawyer, and rarely send fight to its citizens, but the soldiers of their war-torn neighbors hire soldiers (these tenants were deliberately sent to dangerous situations in this hope so that around Except for peaceful people and more people like fighting more people will be removed). This society promotes tolerance towards all religions. Some readers, including fictional socialists, have chosen this imaginary society as a realistic blueprint for a working country, while others have not said anything like the peacock told. Some believe that the peacock's utopia works only on the level of a satire, in which instead of an ideal state, an attempt has been made to disclose about England at that time. This interpretation is based on the title and country of the book, and it is a clear confusion between Greek "not a place" and "good place". The word "utopia" is ou - which means "no" and topose, which means place is a compound. But the homophonic prefix eu - which means "good" is also rendered in the word with the implication that the "good location" is actually "no place". ""

Second edition of this concept in the 3rd century BC The author of Yehimiras is found in the book "Sacred History" on the panchina island. Ecology

Ecology utopias describes new ways in which society should be related to nature. They respond to the perceived broad gap between the modern western lifestyle that destroys nature and the traditional way of life which is considered more natural with nature. According to the Dutch philosopher Marius de Geius, ecological utopias can be the source of inspiration for green political movements.

Ecological utopias or utopias have important ecological components in their:

The Jack Vance ecosystem in the Ramfudendle novel presents a dramatic turn on the ideal state. Her protagonist invites the Paramyam Yatra and becomes the ruler of the earth effectively by giving their own alternate e-earth deserted world as a secluded place / suburbs without having neighbors for each holiday. Although it makes them necessary to clean the real earth and restore the real nature during the week. Typical work of running a bulldozer, through a portal, the ultimate waste clears the dust of industrial civilization from the sea of ​​the world. Economics

Financial utopias are based on economics. Most thought-provoking communities trying to create an ideal economic state were formed in response to the rigid economic conditions of the 19th century.

In the early nineteenth century, many utopian ideas arose, often in response to their belief that social dissolution was created and developed by the development of commercialism and capitalism. Its shared characteristics: an egalitative distribution of objects, often with the total elimination of money and the citizen do the same thing which makes them happy and who is good for everyone, giving them enough time to expand their art and science - due to These often fall into a large "utopian socialist" movement. The old example of such an ideal state was the looking backward of Edward Bellamy. Another Socialist ideal state was William Morty's News from Nowhere, partly in response to the top-down (bureaucratic) nature of Bellamy's model state whose Maurice was criticized. However, as the socialist movement began to separate from the ideal state, Marx became particularly critical of former socialism, before which he had described it as a utopian. (See the history of socialism article for more information). Also, see Eric Frank Russell's book The Great Explosion (1963) whose last section gives details of an economic and social ideal state. This makes the first mention of the idea of ​​local exchange trading system (LETS)

Utopias is also conceived by the opposite side of the political spectrum. For example, Robert A. Halleline's The Moon is a Harsh Mistress portrays a personist and libertarian ideal state. Such capitalist utopias are generally based on the free market economy in which preconstitution is that without a control, the private enterprise of the government and the individual initiative provide both the individual and the society with the greatest opportunity of achievement and progress in a full form.

Another idea that the capitalist utopias do not address is the issue of market failure, where more social utopias plan address the issue of failure. Therefore, the mix of socialism and capitalism is seen by some as a type of economics in an ideal state. For example, one such idea is that small community owned industries are employed under the market-based format of economics. This form of market-based communism was considered to be a principle of creating a classless ideal state, but no communist state has ever reached that point.

In the late twentieth century several economic utopias came in response to many political conservative movements in the US. They were given a great deal of equality. Politics and history

A global utopia of world peace is often seen as a possible end to history. Within the local political structures or areas "Multiculturalism is a model-based adaptation between different cultures and identities, which is according to the principles of counterparty society."

Soviet writer Ivan Efremov created the Utopia science-fiction Andromeda (1957) between the merging period, in which humanity unitedly connects the wide gathering with the Great Circle, and through powerful competition between options and philosophy, social structure Within it develops its technology and culture. Religious utopia New Harmony, Yuptian effort; Portrayed as proposed by Robert Owen

Religious utopias are based on religious ideals and today they are most commonly found in human society. Usually their members are required to follow and believe the special religious tradition, which establishes utopia. Some non believers or non-followers are commanded to live with them; (For example, the Kumran community), but not anyone else.

Christian fantasy and paradise of Islam, Judaism and Garden of Eden can be interpreted as utopianism, especially their folk-religious forms Such religious utopias are often described as "the garden of bliss", which gives an indication of anxiety-free in the state of bliss or enlightenment. They pray for salvation from sin, pain, poverty and death, and often imagine themselves joining in the form of angels or hauris. Similar concept is the concept of salvation of Hindus and the Nirvana concept of Buddhists can be similar to Utopia's ideology. However, in Hinduism or Buddhism, Utopia is not a place but a state of mind. There is a belief that if we are able to practice meditation without continuous flow of thoughts, then we may be able to reach enlightenment. This enlightenment promises to get out of the cycle of life and death, which is related to the concept of utopia.

However, the general idea of ​​utopia, usually created by human effort, is the use of these ideas as a basis for religious utopia, since its members try to establish / re-establish a society on Earth. In which the qualities and values ​​they believe are eliminated and they are reflected or life-long they wait for.

During the Second Great Awakening of the Nineteenth Century and during that time many radical religious groups in the United States and Europe had formed a utopian society, in which all aspects of the people of the society could be controlled by their faith. These were the most popular shakers in the utopian society, which started in England in the 18th century, but soon moved to America. From the 18th century to the early 19th century, the religious utopian society of Europe moved to America, which included the Society of the Women in the Wilderness (led by Johannes Kelpiss), the Harmony Society in Ephrata Clostar and others. The Harmony Society was a Christian theosophy and was founded in 1785 by the Pietistic group in Ipsigen, Germany. Due to religious atrocities of the government of Lutheran Church and Vertemberg, the Society was transferred to the United States on 7 October 1803 and it was set up in Pennsylvania and on February 15, 1805, together with nearly 400 followers, they formally joined the Harmony Society Organized and made your common public. This group remained in existence until 1905 and it was a long time economically successful community in American history. Oneda, New York, the ONEDA Community was founded by John Humphrey Noyes, a utopian religious community whose existence lasted from 1848 to 1881. Although this utopian experiment is currently better known for the production of Onida Silverware, it was the longest running community in American history. The Amana Colony Community was established in Iowa, it was started by the radical German Paitist who existed from 1855 to 1932. The maker of the refrigerator and home appliances manufacturer Amana Corporation was originally started by the same group. Other examples include Fountain Grove, Reverse Holy City, and other California utopian towns (Hinay) between 1855 and 1955, as well as Sintulu in British Columbia, Canada. The Church of Jesse Christ of Letter Days, Ethical Volunteerism and Structure is one of the modern examples. The leadership tradition of this religious group was led by Peter Drucker, a skilled establishment authority, non-profit and government structure organization and manager to label a successful utopian effort. " Science and Technology इन्हें भी देखें: transhumanism, technological singularity, Abolitionism (bioethics), techno-utopia, एवं Technocracy movement Fictional Flight Machine, France, 1890-1900 (chromolithograph business card).

Scientific and technological utopias have been set in the future, when it was believed that modern science and technology will allow the utopian standards of life, for example, death and suffering; Changes in human nature and human condition. Technology has affected humans to such an extent that it has been replaced by artificial means for their normal functions such as gold, food or breeding. Other examples include a society where humans have created a balance with technology and it is used only in improving the conditions of human life (such as Star Trek). In place of utopia's steady excellence, libertarian transnational, imagine an "extroopia", a free, developed society, which allows individuals and voluntary groups to form their own entities and social form.

Buckminster Fuller presented a theoretical basis for technological utopianism and tried to develop various techniques that ranged from maps to car designs and homes, which could be the result of developing such a utopia. / p>

A notable example of technical and libertarian socialist utopia is Scottish writer Ayan Bank's book culture.

It is a prophecy against this optimism that advanced science and technology can deliberately misuse or damage the environment, damage the environment or even humanity. Critics such as Jacques Elul and Timothy Mitchell told precautions against the time of new technologies before the time, and have raised many questions on the introduction of responsibility and independence by division of labor. Writers like John Zerzan and Jensen Derrick have thought that modern technology is depriving humans of their right to a greater degree and in favor of small-scale organizations they have advocated collapse of industrial civilization and on human freedom and stability It is chosen as an essential route to avoid the fear of technology.

There are many examples of technical-terror on the main culture, for example classic breve new world and nineteen atti-four, in which some of these topics have been discovered. Feminism

Utopia has been used to explore linguistic detail where this society is a structured or harsh compulsion. In my Gentle's Golden Witchbrand, fictional aliens start as children's neutral sex and they do not develop in the form of men and women until adulthood, and there is no gender impact for the social role. On the contrary, Doris Lessing's The Marriage Between Zones Three, For OMD Five (1980) suggests that men and women have gender in birth and can not be changed and compromise between the two is necessary. In My Own Utopia (1961) by Elizabeth Man Borgis, it is reported that sex is present but it depends on age rather than gender - children without gender are older as women, some of whom eventually become men .

Utopic single-sex world or single sex society is the primary way of finding gender and gender differences from time to time. The idea of ​​creation of a world-only world is done through a disease that eliminates men, along with the development of a technology or mysterious method that makes women self-breeding possible. Feminist writers have often been shown to be utopian resulting society. Utopia was written by many influential feminists in this way in the 1970s, its most notable examples include Jonah Ras's The Female Man and Susie MacKee Charnas' Walk to the End of the World and Motherlines. [22] Male writers By Utopia's fantasies involves similarities between the sexes rather than the differences. The most description of such a world has been done by gay writers or feminist writers; Their only-woman world allows women's freedom and patriarchy to discover freedom. Society may not be necessary to be gay or just sex - Harland (1915) by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a famous pre-emptive example. Charlene Ball writes in the Encyclopedia of Women's Studies that the use of fictitious imagery in the search for gender role in the future society in America is quite simple compared to Europe and other countries. Utopianism

Fiction shows different social and political movements.

There are some myths or primitive memory in many cultures, societies, religions and world class, when the human race lived in primitive and simple conditions, but at the same time, the time was excellent and full of joy. In those days, there are different myths that tell us that at that time there was a smooth reconciliation between nature and the human. Human needs were very limited and their desires were limited. Both were very satisfied with whatever they got from nature. Accordingly, there was no intention for war or harassment. Nor was there any need for difficult and painful work. Humans were holy and simple and used to feel closer to the gods. According to anthropological theory, hunter-gatherer used to be the most accomplished society.

This mythological or religious ideal exists in all cultures and when people are resurrected with special enthusiasm in the difficulties and critical times of the people. However, the launch of myth is not on the far past areas, but either towards the future or the distance and imaginary places, it imagines that there is a possibility of a happy life beyond certain point of the future or the point of death .

These myths of the early phase of mankind have been referred by various religions: Lucas Cranech The Elder The Golden Age

During the golden age of the 8th century BC, the Greek poet Hesiod mythological tradition (Works and day poetry) has said that before the present time there were four better progressive era, the oldest of them The golden age is called.

The Greek historian and biographer Plutarch of the first century explained the joyful and mythical past of humanity.

Like Arcadia, Sir Philip Sidney's prose romance (1580) is in The Old Arcadia. Originally in an area of ​​Peloponnesus, Arcadia became synonymous with a rural area, which acts as a priestess in the form of a locus ammonus. ("Pleasant place"):

The Biblical Garden of Eden [[The Biblical Garden of Eden | The Biblical Garden of Eden]] is represented as Genesis 2 (official version of 1611):

"And Lord Goud planted a garden east of Eden; and there he placed the man he had created.

And all trees outside the ground looked quite pleasant and were good for food too; There were also life trees in the middle of the garden and good and bad knowledge trees. [...] And Lord God took man and left him in the garden of Eden to dress and keep it in. And Lord Gaud ordered the man to say that you can eat food from any tree in the garden freely: But you can not eat the tree of good and bad knowledge: the day you eat it, surely you will die. . [...]

And Lord Gaud said, It is not fair that a man should be alone; [...] And the Lord Gaud became the reason for the deep sleep of Adam and he slept: And he took one of his ribs and filled it with meat and Rib, whom Lord Gaud had taken from a man, And brought it to the man. "

The land of cocaine the land of cocaine [whose English spelling is Cockaygne or Cockaigne] (referred to as "Schlarafenland" de: Schlaraffenland in the German tradition) is properly called "the paradise of poor people" Is, Cocaine is said to be a country of wastage rather than simplicity and modesty. There is freedom from work and all the items of enjoyment are free and available. The baked larks fly straight into the mouth; Rivers flow with alcohol; Sexually explicit sex is ideal; And there is a fountain for the youth who make them all young and active.

There is a medieval poem (c. 1315) written in rhyming Doha, titled "The Land of Cocaine"

"Far in the sea, to the west of Spain,

Is a country called Cokaygne. There's no land not anywhere, In goods or riches to compare. Though Paradise be merry and bright

Cokaygne is of far fairer sight...." The search for utopia

These myths are some of the few state states expressing hope to humankind, they do not describe the idyllic pleasures of the IC that are inexplicable and have lost completely, that can be done in this or any other way. Gone.

There will be a way to find "worldly paradise" - a place like Shagri-la, hidden somewhere in the hills of Tibet and described by James Hilton in his utopian novel Lost Horizon (1933). This kind of paradise on earth should definitely be somewhere, only a man was able to find. Christopher Columbus considered this tradition and believed that in the late 15th century he had found Eden garden, he was the first person to face this new world and its inhabitants.

Another way to find the lost paradise (or paradise lost, 17th century English poet John Milton was called) will wait until the return of the golden age for the future. According to Christian theology, the reason for the fall of heaven is only caused by humans, because humans did not obey God ("But good and bad knowledge should not eat the tree"), as a result of which all human beings have born It began with wickedness (actual sin).

In the scientific approach to finding utopia, the global scenario group, an international group of scientists established by Paul Ruskin, used the scenario analysis and backcasting for a map of the path of an environmentally sustainable and socially equitable future. Done Its findings suggest that a global citizen movement is necessary to emulate this new stable perspective of political, economic and corporate institutions. Examples : utopian and dystopian fiction Notes

साँचा:1913CE

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