Clement VII
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Clement VII (26 May 1478 - 25 September 1534), Pope of Rome.
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Introduction / Clement VII editor
Clement VII (May 26, 1478 - September 25, 1534) formerly known as Giulio de Medici Giulio de 'Medici. After the death of Adrian VI by the Roman Cardinals elected as the pope (1523 ~ 1534). The Medici Giuliano's illegitimate child. By the uncle of luxury Lorenzo de Medici adult. From childhood to life, spoiled, in 1513 to become the Archbishop of Florence, and later his cousin Pope Leo X appointed him as a cardinal. When the Pope after the extravagant, extravagance, at home and abroad was rejected, to teach people of insight filled with worries. Clement in the political weak, only concerned about the interests of the Medici family. 1527 alliance with France, led to the Holy Roman Empire Emperor Charles V sent troops to ransacked Rome. King Henry VIII of England asked the Pope to declare his marriage to Catherine of Aragon ineffective, Clement's incompetence also complicates the problem.Life / Clement VII editor
Clement VII At that time, France and the Holy Roman Empire for European hegemony of the Italian war is very intense. Clement VII in this race, first against the German origin of the Habsburg dynasty Charles V Emperor, in 1526 and King Francis I formed an alliance, making Charlie's situation in Germany is more difficult, especially not Let go of the domestic religious movement is set off a strong crackdown. In 1527 Charles V ordered the Duke of Alva led the Spanish army and German mercenaries condemned the pope. Allied forces arrived in Rome, the implementation of crazy looting. Clement VII said surrender, was imprisoned in the Roman fort. Clement suffered a setback, causing people to semi-religious, semi-political sympathy, the Kings have to put pressure on Charles V. August 18, 1527 Treaty of Amiens signed. Clermont VII regained his freedom and aroused a new mix of churches. Clement VII on the German issue into a dilemma, the British autocratic monarchy again to the Holy See to reform the church, limiting the rights of the pope, the king directly control the church's request. The king of England, Henry VIII, was clever, studious, and suspicious. His views on Christianity were extremely conservative. He was madly opposed to the spread of Luther's thought, and cursed Martin Luther as "a dog that heretically nurtured and brought to hell." It has been given the title of Leo X. Christian guards. Henry tried to encroach on the church with the increasing autocratic monarchy. He valued Thomas Walsh, who had served as the Archbishop of Yorkshire, the Cardinal, and the Justice of England. Wolsey strength, began to plot the Pope Pope, Henry VIII also expressed support. But after a lapse of time, Wolsey internal and external policies are in trouble, but also greatly damaged the prestige of Henry VIII. Henry VIII decided to put aside Wolsey, another way to find an excuse for no heirs, asked to divorce queen Catherine. Because Catherine is Charles V's aunt, Clement did not want to offend the emperor, dilemma. In 1528 coincided with the French army invaded Italy, Clement VII can not escape the excuse to appoint two cardinals to England to hear. Catherine said they had no power to make a direct appeal to the pope to confirm that her marriage was valid. A week later, the French army in Italy suffered a defeat, Clement VII in Rome issued instructions to support Kesselring, and that Henry VIII can not remarry, or will be considered bigamy. Henry VIII at this time he and Catherine's maid Anne Boleyn love, so more anxious to divorce his wife. In order to make progress, he used Thomas Moore as Chancellor, Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556 AD) and Cromwell (Thomas Cromwell) for his help Clement VII. On the one hand, they handed over the case to Oxford, Cambridge scholars debate, on the other hand submitted to the Congress, the Congress passed, two-pronged approach. Most scholars agree with Henry to divorce his wife, while the Congress is fiercely criticized the drawbacks of the Church of England in an attempt to force the Church in the holy goods staff support his wife. In 1529, Kramer and Cromwell proposed Henry to claim to be the supreme leader of the Church of England, and to use his leadership to resolve the issue of his own wife. So, things will be rapid development. Henry said he was the head of the British Church, asked the British Church of the General Assembly through all the holy officials must obey the king and cut off relations with the Holy See, to stop paying taxes to the pope, to prohibit any appeal to the pope. Mentioned this one Thomas Moore angrily resigned as a protest. Henry ascends Thomas Cromwell as Justice, Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop. Kramer declared the marriage of Henry and Katharine invalid in 1532, but they still wanted the Pope to admit it. At the same time, the British Church to amend any legal system, to get the king permission. In 1533, when Catherine's maid Ampelin was pregnant, they made a hurry and Henry became the official Queen. At this point, the pope had to declare their marriage unlawful, and they were expelled from the church. Henry VIII's religious reform began. In 1529, Clement VII in Spain Zaragoza presided over the Spanish Empire, the Ambassador of the Kingdom of Portugal talks, and signed the "Zaragoza Treaty" to supplement the Pope's meridian, Magellan global voyage to prove that the earth is spherical, A line can not solve the dispute between the West and Portugal, after consultation, in the Molucca archipelago east (17 degrees east longitude) and then draw a north-south line, the line return to Portugal, line east to Spain. In 1532, the Clement VII envoy in Geneva to sell atonement by the public opposition. Claymount VII is increasingly in trouble, more unable to cope with changes in the form of Europe. 153 Crammon VII urged Erasmus, who had supported Luther, to write "On Free Will", to lend Luther with mild words, yet the trend was irreversible. Luther finally broke with the Holy See, In the struggle to form. After the death of Paul III ascended the throne.Fig
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