Universal mobile telecommunications system

"3GSM" redirects here. See Mobile World Congress for the mobile exhibition. UMTS नेटवर्क आर्किटेक्चर

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is one of the third generation (3G) mobile telecommunications technology, which is also being developed in 4G technology. This is part of the 3GPP and is part of the global ITU IMT-2000 standard. The most common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) such as the built-in air interface, but within this system TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA ( Both IMT CDMA TDD) are also included. Being a complete network system, authenticating users in the workbenge of UMTS, Radio Access Network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network; UTRAN), Core Network (Mobile Application Part; MAP), as well as USIM Card (Subscriber Identity Module) Also included.

Unlike the EDGE (an IMT single-carrier based on GSM) and CDMA2000 (IMT multi-carrier), UMTS requires new cell towers and new frequency allocation. However, it is very close to GSM / EDGE because it is based on concepts taken from GSM. In addition, most UMTS handsets also support GSM so that continuous operation of 'dual mode' becomes possible. Therefore, UMTS is sometimes marketed as 3GSM. The purpose of doing so is to promote its relationship with GSM and to separate it from competitive techniques.

The UMTS name, which was placed by ETSI, is commonly used in Europe. Outside of Europe, this technique is also known by other names, such as FOMA or W-CDMA. In marketing, it is often referred to as 3G.

Features

UMTS supports data transfer rates (theoretic) of up to 21 Mbit / s (with HSDPA), using W-CDMA, although in the deployed networks of the user, in the downlink connection, the R99 handsets For 384 kbit / s and for HSDPA hand sets 7.2 Mbct transfer rates can be expected. Even then, the single GSM error-corrected (error-refined) circuit switched data channel, or multiple 9.6 kbit / s channels (14.4 kbit / s for CDMAOne) in HSCSD is more than 9.6 kbit / s, and it's CDMA2000, PHS Or with the help of other technologies like WLAN, the competition competes with the access to the World Wide Web and other data services on mobile devices.

2G 3G's progressive 2G mobile telephone systems, such as GSM, IS-95, PDC, CDMA PHS and other technologies deployed in different countries. In the case of GSM, 2G is a development route for GPRS, which is 2.5G Is also known by name. GPRS supports a much better data rate (up to a theoretical maximum rate of 140.8 kbit / s, though the typical rates are close to 56 kbit / s) and it is packet switched instead of having connection oriented (circuit switched). This is deployed in many places where GSM is used. E-GPRS, or EDGE, is a more developed form of GPRS and it is based on modern coding systems. The actual packet data with EDGE is 180 kbit / s ( Effective). EDGE systems are often referred to as "2.75G system".

Since 2006, the UMTS network in many countries has advanced or is in the process of being developed through high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) - also known as 3.5G. At present, HSDPA enables downlink transfer rates up to 21 Mbit / s. Also, the work of improving uplink transfer speed (uplink transfer speed) through high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA) is also continuing .3 GPP Long Term Evolution Project , UMTS is planning to provide 4G speed - 100 Mbit / s down and 50 Mbit / s up - using a next-generation Air interface based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. .

The first national consumer UMTS network was launched in 2002, with heavy emphasis on 'telco-paid' mobile applications, such as mobile TV and video calling. Experience in Japan and elsewhere has shown that the demand for video calls by the user is not high and the popularity of telco-supplied audio / video elements has dropped due to high inclination towards high speed World Wide Web. - Whether this access is directly in connection with the handset or directly connected to the computer via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Infrared or USB. Technique

UMTS combines the GSM family with three separate Air Interfaces, the GSM Mobile Application Part (MAP) Core and Speech Codex. Air Interfaces

UMTS offers several different terrestrial air interfaces called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). All Air interface options are part of ITU's IMT-2000. Currently the most popular cellular mobile telephone version uses W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread).

Please note that the words W-CDMA, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA mislead. While they only appear to be a channel access method (i.e. a form of CDMA), they are actually the common names used for the complete Air Interface standard.

Research is currently underway on non-terrestrial radio access networks. W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD) मुख्य लेख: W-CDMA (UMTS) UMTS transmitter on the roof of a building

W-CDMA, a pair uses the DS-CDMA channel access method via 5 MHz channels. On the contrary, the competitive CDMA2000 system uses one or more voluntary 1.25 MHz channels for each direction of communication. Wide-criticism has been caused due to the use of large parts of the spectrum of W-CDMA system, due to the deployment process in those countries Is delayed in a country which is relatively slow in allocation of new frequencies (especially the United States) for 3G services.

The frequency bands set by the UMTS standard are: 1885-2025 MHz for mobile-to-base (uplink) and 1710-1755 MHz and 2110-in 2110-2200 MHz.US for base-to-mobile (downlink) 2155 MHz will be used because the 1900 MHz band is already in use. While UMTS2100 is the most widely deployed UMTS band, some countries UMTS operators use 850 MHz and / or 1900 MHz bands (independently, meaning uplink and downlink in the same band), especially AT & amp; T Mobility, Telecom XT in New Zealand, and Telstra in Australia on the next G network.

W-CDMA is a part of IMT-2000 in the form of IMT Direct Spread. UTRA-TDD HCR मुख्य लेख: UTRA-TDD HCR

UMTS-TDD's air interfaces which use TD-CDMA channel access technology are standardized as UTRA-TDD HCR, which use an increase of 5 MHz in spectrum. Each piece is divided into 10ms of frames, which consists of fifteen time slots (1500 per second). Time slots are allocated in accordance with the set percentage for the uplink and downlink. TD-CDMA is used by multiple transceivers, or , Streams (currents) to multiplexes. In contrast to W-CDMA, there are different frequencies for upstream and downstream Which does not require Mr. bands becomes possible deployment in tight frequency bands.

TD-CDMA is a part of IMT2000 in the form of IMT CDMA TDD. TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps कम चिप दर) Main article: TD-SCDMA

TD-SCDMA uses the TDMA channel access method with an adaptive synchronous CDMA component on the 1.6 MHz slice of spectrum, which makes it even possible in TDMA, even in tight frequency bands. However, the main purpose of developing this standard developed by China was to avoid paying license fees to non-Chinese patent holders. Unlike other air interfaces, TD-SCDMA was not part of UMTS from the beginning, but in the release 4 of the specification Was added.

Like in TD-CDMA, it is known as IMT CDMA TDD within IMT-2000. Radio access network Main article: UTRAN

UMTS also specifies the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which is composed of multiple base stations, which probably use different terrestrial air interface standards and frequency bands.

UMTS and GSM / EDGE are a part of the same Core Network (CN), making UTRAN an alternative radio access network for GERAN (GSM / EDGE RAN), and transparency switching between RANs as per coverage and service needs. It has been possible. Because of this, the UMTS and GSM / EDGE radio access networks are sometimes combined in the name of UTRAN / GERAN.

UMTS networks are often in conjunction with GSM / EDGE, the latter part is also a part of IMT-2000.

(Radio Access Network) RAN's UE interface is primarily composed of RRC, RLC, MAC protocols. RRC protocols, connection establishments, measurements, radio carrier services, security and control of 'handover' (transfer) decisions The .RLC protocol is mainly divided into three modes - Transparent Mode (TM), Unaccognito Mode (UM), Knowledge Mode (AM), the functionality of AM SAT corresponds to the TCP operation, while UM operation is analogous to the UDP operation.In the code, the data is sent to the lower layers without adding a header to the higher layer (higher level). MAC controls the data on the air interface based on the parameters of the higher layer (Higher Layer).

The set of properties related to data transmission is called Radio Bearer (RB). This set of properties determines the maximum permissible data in a TTI (broadcast time interval). RB includes RLC information and RB mapping. RB mapping RB <- & gt; Logical channel & lt; - & gt; Determines mapping between transport channel (transport channel). Signaling message signaling is sent to radio carriers (SRBs) and data packets (either CS or PS) data on RBs. RRC and NAS messages are sent to SRBs.

Security consists of two processes: Integrity and cipher. 'Integrity' confirms the processing of the message and also ensures that no one gets the transmitted messages on the radio interface. The encoding ensures that no one can listen to your data on the air interface. 'Integrity' And 'cipher' is used only for both SRBs, whereas only the cipher for data RBs is used. core network मुख्य लेख : Mobile Application Part

With the Mobile Application Part, UMTS uses the same core network criteria of GSM / EDGE. It also offers an easy migration option for GSM operators who leave. However, the path of escape for UMTS is still expensive: While most of the main infrastructure is shared with GSM, the cost of obtaining new spectrum licenses and putting UMTS technology on existing towers is very high.

CN can be connected to various backbone networks like Internet, ISDN. UMTS (and GERAN) includes the three lowest layers of the OSI model. The Network Layer (OSI 3) also includes Radio Resource Management Protocol (RRM) which manages carrier channels (bareers channels) between mobile terminals and fixed networks, including handover. Spectrum allocation मुख्य लेख : UMTS frequency bands

More than 130 licenses have already been provided to operators around the world (in December 2004). This is done by specifying W-CDMA radio access technology, which is based on GSM. The licensing process in Europe took place at the end of the 'Technologies Bubble' and the result of the auction process created for the allocation of certain countries was that very high prices were paid for 2100 MHz original licenses, especially in the UK and Germany. , The bidders paid a total of € 50.8 billion for six licenses, two of which were subsequently discounted by their buyers (Mobilcom and Soneera / Telefonika Sangha) Was thrown in and left. It has been observed that the nature of these heavy license fees is such that due to this the potential benefits in the future - which are expected to come after many years - have to be paid very heavy tax. In any case, the payment of major prices led some European telecom operators to bankruptcy (the most notable of them being the KPN). In the last few years, some operators have put a small fraction of the cost of the license or the entire amount in a discounted account. Recently, a carrier in Finland has started using 900 MHz UMTS in the shared arrangement with 2G GSM base stations located around it. It is expected that in the next 1-3 years this tendency will spread in Europe.

The 2100 MHz UMTS spectrum allocated in Europe has previously been used in North America. The 1900 MHz range is used for 2G (PCS) services and 2100 MHz range is used for satellite communication. However, the management has released some of the 2100 MHz range used in 3G, along with 1700 MHz range used in uplink. UMTS operators in North America, want to apply the European-style 2100/1900 MHz system to the shared spectrum in the current 1900 MHz band with 2G services.

AT & do amp; T Wireless by the end of 2004 strictly using the existing 1900 MHz spectrum allocated for 2G PCS services awake launched UMTS services in the United States. Cingular had acquired AT & amp; T Wireless in 2004 and UMTS then select US cities. Cingular has changed its name to AT & amp; made T is launching its existing 850 MHz for UMTS network at 1900 MHz UMTS networks and in some cities to increase and is now available in a number of UMTS 850/1900 phones to its customers offers.

T-Mobile will focus on the beginning of the UMTS in the US 2100/1700 MHz band, while UMTS coverage in Canada is being made available through Rogers Wireless Network on the 850 MHz band. In 2008, Australian Telco Telstra launched its next CDMA network as a NextG brand of NextG as a national 3G network operating in 850 MHz. Telstra currently provides UMTS service on this network and on 2100 MHz UMTS network, through co-ownership with a company named 3GIS. 3GIS is the owner of these networks and operates them. This company shares co-ownership with Hutchison 3G Australia and is the main network used by their customers. Optus is currently running 3G network in 2100 MHz bands in cities and big cities and 900 MHz band in regional areas. Vodafone is also going to create a 3G network using the 900 MHz band. 850 MHz and 900 MHz bands provide more coverage than the equivalent 1700/1900/2100 MHz network and are good for those regional areas where the distance between the subscriber and the base station is more.

Carriers in South America are now starting 850 MHz networks. Interoperability and Global Roaming

UMTS phones and (data cards) are very portable - they are designed so that other UMTS networks can be easily roaming (if there is a roaming agreement between providers). u Also, almost all UMTS phones are UMTS / GSM dual-mode devices, that means if a UMTS exits UMTS coverage area during a phone call, the call is transmitted transparently to the available GSM coverage. Roaming charges are usually higher than regular charges.

Most UMTS licensors consider universal, transparent global roaming as an important issue. In order to enable high-quality interability, UMTS phones usually support many different frequencies in addition to their GSM phoneback. Different countries support different UMTS frequency bands- Europe initially used 2100 MHz, whereas most of the carriers in the US used 850 MHz and 1900 MHz. T-Mobile launched a network in the US Which work on 1700 MHz (uplink) / 2100 MHz (downlink). These bands are being adopted in other places in the US. An UMTS phone and network should work together to support the same frequency. Because of the frequencies used, the initial models of the UMTS phone made for the United States may not work in other places, and this applies to other places also. Today, 11 separate frequency 'componations' are in use - these include those frequencies which were previously dedicated to the full 2G services.

UMTS phones use a Universal Subscriber Identity Module USIM (based on GSM SIM) and also work with GSM SIM cards (including UMTS services). This is a global standard of identity and in the phone ( U) enables a network for identification and authentication of SIM. Roaming agreements between networks enable the process of redirection of calls made to the customer during roaming and determining the available services (and fees) to the user. In addition, the user provides (US) SIM storage space in the phone book, in addition to customer information and authentication information. The handsets can store their data on their memory or (U) SIM cards (which are usually more limited based on their phone book contact information). A (U) SIM can be inserted into another UMTS or GSM phone and the phone accepts the user's SIM information (U), which means that it is a U (SIM) not a phone (phone) Determines the billing of phone numbers and calls made from the phone.

Japan was the first country to adopt 3G technology and since they did not use GSM before, they did not need to build GSM compatibility in their handsets. Their 3G handsets were smaller in other places than the handsets available. In 2002, NTT DoCoMo's FOMA 3G network was the first commercial UMTS network - it used the pre-release specification. Initially it was incompatible with the UMTS standard of the radio level, but it used standard USIM cards, i.e. USIM card based roaming was possible (transferring USIM card into a UMTS or GSM phone during the trip). Both NTT DoCoMo and Softbank Mobile (which introduced 3G in December 2002) now use standard UMTS. Handset and modem

All major 2G phone manufacturers (who are still in business) have now become the creators of 3G phones. Early 3G handsets and modems could only work on the required frequencies in their country, it meant that they could 'roam' in other countries at the same 3G frequency (although they could use the old GSM standard back). ). Like most European countries, Canada and USA have almost identical frequencies. The article UMTS frequency band is an overview of UMTS network frequencies around the world.

Using a cellular router, PCMCIA or USB card, customers can use 3G broadband services, which do not require the selection of a particular computer (such as a Tablet PC or PDA). Some software is installed automatically by modem so that in some cases no knowledge of technology is required to be online from time to time. Using a phone that supports 3G and Bluetooth 2.0, multiple Bluetooth-enabled laptops can be added to the Internet. Some smartphones can also work as a mobile WLAN access point.

There is often no 3G phone or modem that supports all 3G frequencies (UMTS850 / 900/1700/1900/2100 MHz). However, many phones have more than one band, which still make enormous travel enabling. For example, a three-band chipset that operates on 850/1900/2100 MHz, similar to the chipset found in Apple's iPhone, allows its use in multiple countries where UMTS-FDD is used. / p> Other Competitive Standards

The main competitors of UMTS are CDMA2000 (IMT-MC) which have been developed by 3GPP2. Unlike UMTS, CDMA2000 is an evolutionary upgrade of an existing 2G standard, cdmaOne and operating under the same frequency allocation Is capable of Its and CDMA2000's minimum bandwidth requirements make it easier to implement in the existing spectra. Not in all cases but in some cases, only existing GSM operators have enough spectrum to implement either one of both UMTS and GSM. For example, in the US D, E and F PCS spectrum blocks, the available amount of spectrum in each direction is 5 MHz. A standard UMTS system can perfect that spectrum. Where CDMA2000 is implemented, it usually exists with UMTS. Although in many markets, this case of coexistence is a matter of very little relevance because legislative hurdles are present in the slices with a single license of the spectrum to co-implement two parameters.

Another competitor of the UMTS is EDGE (IMT-SC), a developmental upgrade of the 2G GSM system that leverages the current GSM spectrum. It's even easier, faster and cheaper to "EDGE" functionality for wireless carriers, to support EDGE than to install almost all brands and new devices to deliver UMTSs to their existing GSM Transmission is done by upgrading the hardware. However, being developed by 3GPP as just UMTS, EDGE, is not a true competitor. Instead, it is used as a temporary solution to roll-out previous UMTSs or as a supplement to rural areas. It is made easy by the fact that the GSM / EDGE and UMTS specification are developed jointly and depend on the same core network which allow for dual-mode operation, including direct transfers.

China's TD-SCDMA standard is also often seen as a competitor. TD-SCDMA has been added in UMTS release 4 as the UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (UTRA-TDD LCR) . Unlike TD-CDMA (UTRA-TDD 3.84 McPS High Chip Rate, UTRA-TDD HCR), which is complementary to W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD), it is suitable for both micro and macro cells. However, the lack of support for vendors is preventing it from being a real contestant.

While DECT is technically capable to compete with UMTS and other cellular networks in densely populated urban areas, but it has been implemented only for domestic cordless phones and private residential networks.

All these competitors have been accepted by ITU as part of UMTS-FDD as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards.

In the Internet access side, competing systems include WiMAX and Flash-OFDM. Transfer from GPRS to UMTS

From the GPRS network, the following network elements can be reused:

The following elements can not be reused from the Global Service of the Mobile (GSM) Communications Radio Network.

They can stay in the network and can be used in dual network operations, where 2G and 3G networks are co-existing, while network migration and new 3G terminals are available to be used in the network.

The UMTS networks present new network elements that work as per the instructions of 3GPP:

The functionality of MSC and SGSN is changed when related to UMTS. In the GSM system, MSC serves to handle all circuit switched operations, for example, connecting A- and B-subscribers through the network. SGSN works to handle all packet switched operations and lets all move to the network. In UMTS, Media Gateway (MGW) takes care of the transfer of all data in both circuit and packet switched network. MSC and SGSN control the operation of MGW. Nodes are renamed as MSC-Server and GSN-Server. Problems and Issues

Some countries, including the United States and Japan, have allocated separate spectrum from ITU recommendations so that the standard bands used for UMTS (UMTS-2100) are not available. Optional bands are used when the UMTS-2100 equipment is required to design and manufacture different equipment by stopping the interoperability of the device and for use in these markets. The standard UMTS 2100 MHz device, which is present in today's market, will not work in these markets. However, it seems like UMTS is not suffering from the band's compatibility issues as much as the GSM, because many UMTS handsets both UMTS and GSM The modes are multi-band. Quad-band GSM (850, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz bands) and Tri-band UMTS (850, 1900 and 2100 MHz bands) handsets are becoming more common.

In the early days of the UMTS, initial obstacles have been observed in many countries. In the highly sensitive market towards weight and form factor, the first low-life battery heavy handsets were seen only. The Hutchins 3 network's first handset, the Motorola A830 was over 200 gms and had a detachable camera to reduce the handset's weight. Another important issue involved call credibility, which was related to problems with delivery from UMTS to GSM. Customers have seen that their connections are being cut because the delivery was possible only in one direction (UMTS → GSM) when the handset was changed back to UMTS after placing the phone. This is no longer an issue in most of the world's networks.

Compared to GSM, the UMTS network initially required the density of a higher base station. For fully developed UMTS that facilitated the quality of the video based on the request, each base station would have every 1-1.5 km (0.62-0.93 mi) distance was required to be installed. This was the case when only 2100 MHz bands were being used, however, now it is not due to the increasing use of low-frequency bands (eg - 850 and 900 MHz). Since 2006, the use of low-band networks has increased rapidly by operators.

Even with existing technologies and low-band UMTS, data on telephone and UMTS is still more powerful than GSM network. Apple, Inc. cited UMTS's power consumption as the reason for which the first-generation iPhone only supported EDGE. The time of talking to the UMTS from the release of the iPhone is displayed only when the handset is arranged to use GSM. Due to improved battery and network technology, the issue is becoming less like this. the issuance

Development of UMTS progresses only according to planned execution. Each release is designed to present new features and to make existing features better. Release '99 Release 4 Release 5 Release 6 Release 7 Also see them

अन्य, UMTS- रहित, 3G and 4G मानक:

UMTS is an advanced form of the GSM mobile phone standard.

अन्य उपयोगी जानकारी

Literature Notes

साँचा:Mobile telecommunications standards साँचा:Wireless systems

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