Blood donation

The graphical drawing of blood donation

Blood donation occurs when a healthy person voluntarily gives his blood and it is used for transfusion or medication is made through a procedure called frachesation.

In developed countries, most blood donors are unpaid volunteers who donate blood for community supplies. In poor countries, established supplies are limited and blood donors donate blood only when family or friends require transfusion. Many donors give blood in the form of donations, but some people are paid and in some cases incentives are given as a vacation holiday in time of work rather than money. A donor can donate blood for his future use. Blood donation is relatively safe, but some donors get scratched where the needle is thrown or some people can feel faint.

Potential donors are evaluated so that their use of blood is not vulnerable. Investigations include testing of diseases like HIV and viral hepatitis, which can be transmitted through blood transfusion. The donor is also asked about his medical history, and a brief physical examination is done to ensure that the donor's health donation does not have any harmful effects. How often a donor can donate, it can vary in days and months, depending on whether he is donating or doing and in what country he is being donated - being taken. For example, in the United States a donor has to wait for 8 weeks (56 days) between full blood donations, but only three days for plateletpheresis donation.

The amount and methods of blood that can be given vary, but an ideal donation is 450 ml (or almost one US pint) of whole blood. It can be stored manually or with automatic equipment which only takes a specific part of the blood. Most components of blood used for transfusion have a small life and constant maintenance is a permanent problem.

Types of donations चित्र:Blood Drive Bus 2008 मार्च MA.JPG A blood collection bus (mobile blood vehicle) in Boston's children's hospital in the manufacturing facility of Massachusetts. Blood banks sometimes use a modified bus or similar large vehicle to provide donations in unstable facility.

Blood donation is divided into groups on who will receive the collected blood. An allogeneic (also known as homologous) donation is called when a donor gives blood to a blood bank for the transfusion of an unknown person. A guided donation is called when a person, often a family member, donates blood for a person's special transfusion. Directed donations are relatively rare. A replacement donor is a mixture of donations 2 and is common in developing countries like Ghana. In this case, to use the stored blood to replace the blood used in the transfusion, the recipient's friend or family member donates blood so that continuous supply of blood is ensured. When a person's blood is collected and later donated back to the donor, usually after surgery, it is called autologous. Blood donated by allogenic donation or special donation for drug production can be used to make medication.

The actual process varies according to the laws of the country and the recommendation for donors varies according to the different collective organization. The World Health Organization has given recommendations of blood donation policies, but the developing countries are not following many of these. For example, the need for laboratory facilities, trained staff and specialist reagents for testing has been recommended, in developing countries this may not be all or be very expensive.

Such programs where donors donate blood allocated, sometimes called blood drive or blood donation session. Such programs can be in the blood bank, but often these people do it in a community place like shopping center, workplace, school or place of worship. the inspection

Generally donors need to agree to this whole process, and this requirement means that a minor can not donate without the permission of his parents or guardian. In some countries, to keep anonymous identities anonymously, the answer is linked to the donor's blood, not the blood donor's name; But in some other countries such as the United States, names are set to make lists of ineligible donors. If a potential donor does not meet these criteria then they are delayed. This term is used because many donors who are ineligible can later be given blood donation.

A donor's race or ethnic background sometimes becomes important, because sometimes some types of blood, especially rare types of blood, are very common in any ethnic group. Historically, donors were separated on the basis of race, religion or ethnicity, but now it does not. Recovery protection

Donors are tested for health risks because the donor may be unsafe for the recipient. Some such restrictions are controversial, such as those who have sexual relations with men who have HIV risk. Since the donor is the person who will be the recipient of the blood, therefore, checking of autologous donors is not always a problem for the security of donors. Donors are also questioned about donor intake, especially dostastride, because it can be dangerous for the recipient pregnant woman.

Blood donors are tested for signs and symptoms of such diseases, such as HIV, malaria or viral hepatitis, which can be transmitted through blood transfusion. During the trial, questions about the risk factors of various diseases can also be asked, such as the visit of a country where the malaria or variant is prone to curetzephaldet-Jakob disease (vCJD). These questions vary in different countries. For example, Quebec, Poland, and the US could delay donors who were living in the United Kingdom at risk of vCJD, while in the United Kingdom there are restrictions on vCJD risk only if they have made a blood transfusion in the United Kingdom. . Donor's security

To ensure that blood donation is not dangerous for its health, the donor is also tested and some questions are also asked about its medical history. Checking of donor's hematocrit or hemoglobin level (or hematocrit) or hemoglobin level is done to ensure that due to the release of blood it will make them suffer from anemia and this test is very common in disqualifying the donor. Sense blood pressure and body temperature are also evaluated. Given the age of elderly donors, it is refused due to health concerns. The safety of blood donation during pregnancy has not been properly studied, so pregnant women are usually refused. blood test

If blood is to be used for transfusion, then the type of blood donor should be sure. The collector agency usually identifies the type of blood type A, B, AB, or O and the donor (R) and will be tested for the antibodies of rare antigens. Besides this, other tests including crosamate, before transfusion The group is often known as the "universal donor", but only for the transfusion of red cell is given its consent. And AB becomes a universal donor.

Most blood tests are done for various diseases including some STDs. High-sensitive screening tests are used in the test and there is no real diagnosis. After the use of more specific tests in the aftermath of some tests, they are found to be fraudulent. Fraudulent negative are rare, but donors are discouraged from donating blood because of unknown ATD screening, because being a fraudulent means that the unit has to be contaminated. If the probe is dynamic that blood is destroyed, but there are exceptions; Such as autologous blood donation. The donor is usually notified of the test result.

The donated blood is tested in many ways, but the four main tests recommended by the World Health Organization are:

In 2006 the WHO said that the survey found that 56 countries in 124 are not using basic testing in all blood donations.

Other types of tests for transfusion transmitted infections are often used based on local needs. Additional testing is expensive and in some cases due to the cost of the test it is not implemented. These additional tests include other infectious diseases such as West Nile Virus. Given the limitations of each trial, sometimes many types of tests are used for the same disease. For example, HIV antibody test will not detect recent infected donor, hence some blood bank uses p24 antigen or HIV nucleic acid in addition to antibody testing to detect infected donor during that period. Cytomegalovirus is a special case in the donor's test, it will test positive for many donors. Viruses are not a threat to a healthy recipient, but they can harm newborn infants and weaken other receptors in disease resistance. Receiving blood A donor's arm in different stages of donation. Two photos on a blood pressure cuff are being used on the left side as a recurrent form.

There are two main ways to get blood from the donor. Most blood is taken directly from the vein in the form of unchanged blood. Generally this blood is divided into different parts, mostly red blood cells and plasma, because more and more recipients only need one component special. The other way is to take blood from the donor, by using a centrifuge or centrifuge it separates it and the remaining parts are stored and the rest is returned to the donor. This process is called apheresis and is often done through specially designed machines.

The vein is used directly for blood transfusion, but in turn, blood can be taken from the artery. In this case, the blood is not accumulated, but it is pumped directly into the recipient from the donor. This is an old method of blood transfusion and rarely used in today's time. When the doctors returned from the treatment of logistics and the injured soldiers, when the citizens return to life, due to the problem of the establishment of the bank for the accumulated blood, it was phased out during World War II. Site preparation and blood removal

The blood is taken from the vein close to the skin of the long arm, usually from the median elastic vein within the elbow. The skin on the blood vessel is cleaned with antiseptic like iodine or chlorhexydine to prevent contamination of the skin from the skin bacteria and to prevent infection from where the needle is inserted. p>

To reduce the force of intersection, a large needle (16-17 gauge) is used, because when red blood cells flow through the needle, they can be damaged. To speed up this process and to increase the blood pressure of the vein, sometimes a token is wrapped in the upper arm. The donor can also be asked to hold some object in hand or to keep the fist tight, so repeatedly doing this increases blood flow to the vein. Unchanged blood

Collecting blood from a donor vein in a container is the most common method. The amount of blood extracted on a country basis ranges from 200 milliliters to 550 milliliters, but usually ranges from 450-500 milliliters. Blood is usually stored in a flexible plastic bag, which contains sodium citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and sometimes adenine. This combination prevents blood from clotting and preserves during storage. Other chemicals are sometimes added during processing.

Plasma from unchanged blood can be used to make plasma for transfusion or can be used for processing other fractions (fractionation i.e. isolating the components of a substance or milk) and processing it. Dry Plasma is a developed form, used in the treatment of wounds during World War II and its different form is still used to make different types of medicines. Officer A relatively large needle is used for blood donation.

Apheresis is a method of blood donation, where blood passes through a device which separates a component specific and the remaining components are returned to the donor. Generally returning components are red blood cells, the amount of blood taken in it takes a long time to return. Using this method, a person can safely donate plasma or platelets (platelets) more often, except that of unchanged blood donation. These two can be combined with a donor giving both plasma and lemon in the same donation.

Bitumen can also be separated from unchanged blood, but they should be gathered from a lot of grains. Therapeutic dosage requires three to ten units of blood. Plateletpheresis provides at least one full dose from each donation.

Plasmapheresis is repeatedly used for planting a plasma source, which is used in the formation of drugs such as plasma making from unchanged blood. Platelet collecting at the time of plateletpheresis is sometimes called concurrent plasma.

In comparison to gathering white blood cells for normal single donation and transfusion, apheresis is also used to collect red blood cells. Time difference between health benefits and donations

Donors are usually kept for 10-15 minutes in donation after charity, because the most adverse reactions occur during donations or immediately after donation. Blood centers usually give light to the donor for food and drinks such as tea and viscous for health benefits, or provide allowance for midday meal. The location of the needle is covered with the bandage and the donor is instructed to keep the bandages for several hours.

The donated plasma is given back after 2-3 days. Red blood cells are replaced at slow rate by healthy bone marrow in circulatory system by 36 days on average. The range of health benefits in that study was 20 to 59 days. The rate of such replacement rate is based on the number of times the donor can donate blood.

Plasmapheresis and platelet pheresis can be given repeatedly because they do not reduce the amount of vital red blood cells. How often donor can donate, its exact rate varies from country to country. For example, in the United States, plasmapheresis donor is allowed to donate in large quantities twice a week, and in general, 83 liters (approximately 22 gallons) can be given in the year, whereas the same donor every alternate week in Japan After giving donations and 16 liters (about 4 gallons) can be donated in a year. Red blood cells are limited to unchanged blood donor, so there is a wide difference in frequency of donation. It is made in Hong Kong in three to six months, in Australia this twelve weeks, in eight weeks in the United States and usually in sixteen weeks in the UK, but it can be less than twelve. Complications

The health problems of donors are examined so that donations do not put them in jeopardy due to serious complications. First time donors, teenagers and women are more at risk of a reaction. One study has shown that 2% donors have an adverse reaction after making donations. These responses were mostly minor. In a study on 194,000 donations, only one donor found long-term complications. In the United States, it is essential for a blood bank to report any death associated with blood donation. From October 2004 to September 2006, all reports of 22 programs were analyzed and donations related to donation were not found, but still the possibility can not be dismissed.

Hypovolemic reactions may occur due to rapid changes in blood pressure. Usually, the worst problem of unconsciousness was encountered.

In this way there is another risk like vein piercing (phlebotomy). The injuries in the hands by the needle are the most common concern. In one study, this problem was found in donors less than 1%. The number of complex types of complications from blood donation has not yet been ascertained. These include punctures in the artery, long bleeding, burning of the nerves, muscle injury, vein injuries, thrombophlebitis, and allergic reactions.

Donors occasionally have an adverse reaction to the use of sodium citrate in the process of collection of apheresis to make blood clot. Since the anticoagulant comes back to the donor with unpaid blood components, in such a way it can bind calcium and cause hypocalcemia. These reactions can be tingling in the lips, but cramps or more serious problems can also arise. To prevent this side effect, donors are sometimes given calcium supplements during blood donation.

In apheresis procedures, red blood cells often return. If it is done manually and receives donor blood from a different person, then there may be a transfusion reaction. Due to this risk, manual apheresis is very rare in the developed world and automated processes are as safe as whole blood donation.

The ultimate risk for blood donors is such equipment that has not been sterilized. In most cases, the devices directly exposed to the blood are discarded. Equipment used again in China in the 1990s was a big problem, because up to 250,000 blood plasma donors may have been suffering from HIV from such devices. Storage, Supply and Demand

Collected blood is usually stored as separate components and some of them have short shelf life. There are no storage measures to keep the plates longer, although some are being studied since 2008, and the maximum shelf life used is seven days old. Shelf life is 35-42 days in the refrigerator temperature of the most commonly used red blood cells. This period can be increased by mixing blood with a mixture of glycerol, but this process is expensive, so it is rarely used and it is necessary to store a freezing freezer. Plasma can be stored for longer periods and it can be used for one year and its supply is not a big problem.

Limited storage time means that the storage of large amounts of blood is difficult to prepare for any disaster. After the September 11 attacks in the United States, a detailed discussion was discussed and consensus was that collection of blood at the time of any calamity is impractical and should always be focused on efforts for adequate supply. Blood centers often have difficulty in getting daily blood transfusion demand in the US for three days.

World Health Organization has decided to celebrate June 14 every year to celebrate World Blood Donor Day. This is Carl Llandastner's birthday, the scientist who searches for the ABO blood group system. As of 2008, the World Health Organization estimates that 81 million blood units have been deposited every year. Benefits and incentives

In 1997, the World Health Organization had set the goal of donating blood to unaided donors, but by 2006, it was established in just 49 of the 124 countries surveyed as a standard. In the United States, some plasma pheresis donors are still paid for donations. Some countries rely on paid donors to maintain adequate supply. Some countries like Tanzania have made a long leap in the direction of this standard, in 2005 there were only 20 percent of the non-applicants who became 80 percent in 2007, but in v. Of the 124 out of 124 surveyed countries, there has been little or no progress in this direction. In some countries, for example, monetary or other compensation is illegal for Brazil, blood donation or other human tissues.

Blood donation prevents accumulation of toxic quantities, in patients with excessive blood pressure. Blood banks in the United States of America need to be labeled in the blood taken from the donors, so most people do not accept the blood of the donor suffering from any blood disease. Others, such as the Australian Red Cross Service, accept blood from donors of hemochromatosis. It is a genetic disorder that does not affect the safety of blood. Blood donation can reduce the risk of heart disease in men, but this relationship has not been firmly established.

In Italy, blood donors receive a holiday with a donation of blood donation day. Sometimes other incentives are given by employers, usually given time off for donation purposes. Blood centers also sometimes offer incentives, such as assurances that they will be given priority during the reduction, free T-shirts or other inexpensive items (for example, first aid kit, windshield scraper, pen etc.), or donors Reward for organizers and reward for successful organizing. Most allogeneic donors donate blood in the form of charity and do not take any direct benefit in exchange for this donation. Also see them read ahead

wiki